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  1. null (Ed.)
    Convolution is a central operation in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), which applies a kernel to overlapping regions shifted across the image. However, because of the strong correlations in real-world image data, convolutional kernels are in effect re-learning redundant data. In this work, we show that this redundancy has made neural network training challenging, and propose network deconvolution, a procedure which optimally removes pixel-wise and channel-wise correlations before the data is fed into each layer. Network deconvolution can be efficiently calculated at a fraction of the computational cost of a convolution layer. We also show that the deconvolution filters in the first layer of the network resemble the center-surround structure found in biological neurons in the visual regions of the brain. Filtering with such kernels results in a sparse representation, a desired property that has been missing in the training of neural networks. Learning from the sparse representation promotes faster convergence and superior results without the use of batch normalization. We apply our network deconvolution operation to 10 modern neural network models by replacing batch normalization within each. Extensive experiments show that the network deconvolution operation is able to deliver performance improvement in all cases on the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, Cityscapes, and ImageNet datasets. 
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  2. Abstract

    As hosts for tightly-bound electron-hole pairs carrying quantized angular momentum, atomically-thin semiconductors of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) provide an appealing platform for optically addressing the valley degree of freedom. In particular, the valleytronic properties of neutral and charged excitons in these systems have been widely investigated. Meanwhile, correlated quantum states involving more particles are still elusive and controversial despite recent efforts. Here, we present experimental evidence for four-particle biexcitons and five-particle exciton-trions in high-quality monolayer tungsten diselenide. Through charge doping, thermal activation, and magnetic-field tuning measurements, we determine that the biexciton and the exciton-trion are bound with respect to the bright exciton and the trion, respectively. Further, both the biexciton and the exciton-trion are intervalley complexes involving dark excitons, giving rise to emissions with large, negative valley polarization in contrast to that of the two-particle excitons. Our studies provide opportunities for building valleytronic quantum devices harnessing high-order TMDC excitations.

     
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