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  1. Many people including those with visual impairment and blindness take advantage of video conferencing tools to meet people. Video conferencing tools enable them to share facial expressions that are considered as one of the most important aspects of human communication. This study aims to advance knowledge of how those with visual impairment and blindness share their facial expressions of emotions virtually. This study invited a convenience sample of 28 adults with visual impairment and blindness to Zoom video conferencing. The participants were instructed to pose facial expressions of basic human emotions (anger, fear, disgust, happiness, surprise, neutrality, calmness, and sadness), which were video recorded. The facial expressions were analyzed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) that encodes the movement of specific facial muscles called Action Units (AUs). This study found that there was a particular set of AUs significantly engaged in expressing each emotion, except for sadness. Individual differences were also found in AUs influenced by the participants’ visual acuity levels and emotional characteristics such as valence and arousal levels. The research findings are anticipated to serve as the foundation of knowledge, contributing to developing emotion-sensing technologies for those with visual impairment and blindness.

     
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  2. BACKGROUND: Today, various emerging assistive applications (apps) running on smartphones have been introduced such as Seeing AI, TapTapSee, and BeMyEyes apps. The assistive apps are designed to assist people with visual impairment in navigating unfamiliar environments, reading text, identifying objects and persons. Yet, little is known about how those with visual impairment perceive the assistive apps. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to advance knowledge of user experience with those assistive apps. METHODS: To address the knowledge gap, this study conducted phone interviews with a convenience sample of 30 individuals with visual impairment. RESULTS: The results indicated that those with visual impairment showed a range of preferences, needs, and concerns about user interfaces and interactions with the assistive apps. DISCUSSIONS: Given their needs and concerns, this study offered a set of facilitators to promote user adoption of the assistive apps, which should be valuable guidance to user interface/interaction designers in the field. 
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  3. People can visualize their spontaneous and voluntary emotions via facial expressions, which play a critical role in social interactions. However, less is known about mechanisms of spontaneous emotion expressions, especially in adults with visual impairment and blindness. Nineteen adults with visual impairment and blindness participated in interviews where the spontaneous facial expressions were observed and analyzed via the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). We found a set of Action Units, primarily engaged in expressing the spontaneous emotions, which were likely to be affected by participants’ different characteristics. The results of this study could serve as evidence to suggest that adults with visual impairment and blindness show individual differences in spontaneous facial expressions of emotions. 
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