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Carbon dots (CDs) have received extensive attention in the last decade for their excellent optical, chemical and biological properties. In recent years, CD composites have also received significant attention due to their ability to improve the intrinsic properties and expand the application scope of CDs. In this article, the synthesis processes of four types of CD composites (metal–CD, nonmetallic inorganics–CD, and organics–CD as well as multi-components—CD composites) are systematically summarized first. Then the recent advancements in the bioapplications (bioimaging, drug delivery and biosensing) of these composites are also highlighted and discussed. Last, the current challenges and future trends of CD composites in biomedical fields are discussed.more » « less
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In this study, top-down syntheses of carbon dots (CDs) from four different carbon precursors, namely, carbon nano powders, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, were carried out. Systematic study demonstrated that the optical properties and surface functionalities of the CDs were quite similar and mainly influenced by the synthesis method, while the sizes, morphologies, chemical compositions, and core structures of the CDs were heavily influenced by the carbon precursors. On the basis of these studies, the formation processes and structural models of these four top-down CDs were proposed. The cell cytotoxicity and photothermal conversion efficiency of these CDs were also carefully evaluated, demonstrating their potential applications in photothermal therapy.more » « less
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In this article, we have designed both colorimetric (including solution and test paper type) and spectral sensors (including UV-vis and PL type) for the quick and sensitive detection of general nitrogen-containing organic bases (NCOBs); the limit of detection could reach as low as 0.50 nM. NCOBs included 11 examples, covering aliphatic and aromatic amines, five- and six-membered heterocyclics, fused-ring heterocyclics, amino acids, and antibiotics. Furthermore, the assays demonstrated high reliability in sensing NCOBs and excellent ability to distinguish NCOBs from oxygen and sulfur containing organics. The assays developed could find important applications for the detection of NCOBs in the fields of biomedicine, chemistry, and agriculture.more » « less
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We present a neural interface system-on-chip (NISoC) with 1,024 channels of simultaneous electrical recording and stimulation for high-resolution high-throughput electrophysiology. The 2mm 2mm NISoC in 65nm CMOS integrates a 32 32 array of electrodes vertically coupled to analog front-ends supporting both voltage and current clamping through a programmable interface, ranging over 100dB in voltage and 120dB in current, with 0.82mW power per channel at 5.96mVrms input-referred voltage noise from DC to 12.5kHz signal bandwidth. This includes onchip acquisition with a back-end array of 32 dynamic incremental SAR ADCs for 25Msps 11-ENOB acquisition at 2fJ/level FOM.more » « less
