We investigate the presence of hub-filament systems in a large sample of 146 active proto-clusters, using H13CO+ J = 1-0 molecular line data obtained from the ATOMS survey. We find that filaments are ubiquitous in proto-clusters, and hub-filament systems are very common from dense core scales (∼0.1 pc) to clump/cloud scales (∼1–10 pc). The proportion of proto-clusters containing hub-filament systems decreases with increasing dust temperature (Td) and luminosity-to-mass ratios (L/M) of clumps, indicating that stellar feedback from H ii regions gradually destroys the hub-filament systems as proto-clusters evolve. Clear velocity gradients are seen along the longest filaments with a mean velocity gradient of 8.71 km s−1 pc−1 and a median velocity gradient of 5.54 km s−1 pc−1. We find that velocity gradients are small for filament lengths larger than ∼1 pc, probably hinting at the existence of inertial inflows, although we cannot determine whether the latter are driven by large-scale turbulence or large-scale gravitational contraction. In contrast, velocity gradients below ∼1 pc dramatically increase as filament lengths decrease, indicating that the gravity of the hubs or cores starts to dominate gas infall at small scales. We suggest that self-similar hub-filament systems and filamentary accretion at all scales may play a key role in high-mass star formation.
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ABSTRACT -
Dutta, Somnath ; Lee, Chin-Fei ; Liu, Tie ; Hirano, Naomi ; Liu, Sheng-Yuan ; Tatematsu, Ken’ichi ; Kim, Kee-Tae ; Shang, Hsien ; Sahu, Dipen ; Kim, Gwanjeong ; et al ( , The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series)
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Hsu, Shih-Ying ; Liu, Sheng-Yuan ; Liu, Tie ; Sahu, Dipen ; Hirano, Naomi ; Lee, Chin-Fei ; Tatematsu, Ken’ichi ; Kim, Gwanjeong ; Juvela, Mika ; Sanhueza, Patricio ; et al ( , The Astrophysical Journal)
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Sahu, Dipen ; Liu, Sheng-Yuan ; Liu, Tie ; Evans II, Neal J. ; Hirano, Naomi ; Tatematsu, Ken’ichi ; Lee, Chin-Fei ; Kim, Kee-Tae ; Dutta, Somnath ; Alina, Dana ; et al ( , The Astrophysical Journal)
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Liu, Tie ; Kim, Kee-Tae ; Liu, Sheng-Yuan ; Juvela, Mika ; Zhang, Qizhou ; Wu, Yuefang ; Li, Pak Shing ; Parsons, Harriet ; Soam, Archana ; Goldsmith, Paul F. ; et al ( , The Astrophysical Journal)