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  1. We present, Window-Shaping, a tangible mixed-reality (MR) interaction metaphor for design ideation that allows for the direct creation of 3D shapes on and around physical objects. Using the sketch-and-inflate scheme, our metaphor enables quick design of dimensionally consistent and visually coherent 3D models by borrowing visual and dimensional attributes from existing physical objects without the need for 3D reconstruction or fiducial markers. Through a preliminary evaluation of our prototype application we demonstrate the expressiveness provided by our design workflow, the effectiveness of our interaction scheme, and the potential of our metaphor. 
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  2. We present RealFusion, an interactive workflow that supports early stage design ideation in a digital 3D medium. RealFusion is inspired by the practice of found-object-art, wherein new representations are created by composing existing objects. The key motivation behind our approach is direct creation of 3D artifacts during design ideation, in contrast to conventional practice of employing 2D sketching. RealFusion comprises of three creative states where users can (a) repurpose physical objects as modeling components, (b) modify the components to explore different forms, and (c) compose them into a meaningful 3D model. We demonstrate RealFusion using a simple interface that comprises of a depth sensor and a smartphone. To achieve direct and efficient manipulation of modeling elements, we also utilize mid-air interactions with the smartphone. We conduct a user study with novice designers to evaluate the creative outcomes that can be achieved using RealFusion. 
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  3. In this paper, we explore quick 3D shape composition during early-phase spatial design ideation. Our approach is to re-purpose a smartphone as a hand-held reference plane for creating, modifying, and manipulating 3D sweep surfaces. We implemented MobiSweep, a prototype application to explore a new design space of constrained spatial interactions that combine direct orientation control with indirect position control via well-established multi-touch gestures. MobiSweep leverages kinesthetically aware interactions for the creation of a sweep surface without explicit position tracking. The design concepts generated by users, in conjunction with their feedback, demonstrate the potential of such interactions in enabling spatial ideation. 
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