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  1. In 1901, Forel described an ant species from a relatively poorly known genus of ants from North America, naming it Strumigenys pilinasis. In 1931 M. R. Smith obtained the holotype and redescribed it, and he included a first illustration. The description was incomplete and the illustration resembled Strumigenys brevisetosa Smith, 1935, more than it resembled S. pilinasis, which led subsequent taxonomists to make consistent misidentifications and to consider S. brevisetosa to be a synonym of S. pilinasis. Here I redescribe both S. pilinasis and S. brevisetosa (revived status). Strumigenys manni Wesson & Wesson, 1939, and S. ohioensis Kennedy & Schramm, 1933, are new junior synonyms of S. pilinasis, and S medialis Kennedy & Schramm, 1933, is a new junior synonym of S. brevisetosa. 
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  2. In this study, we revise two groups of cryptic leaf litter ants, the Strumigenys nitens and Strumigenys simulans species groups. These two groups are restricted to the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. We redefine the species groups, provide a key for the five species in the S. nitens group, and differentiate the two species in the S. simulans group. Four new species are described: Strumigenys caiman sp. nov., S. economoi sp. nov., S. hubbewatyorum sp. nov., and S. zemi sp. nov. We review and provide a key for the Strumigenys fauna of Hispaniola, which comprises the two endemic species S. economoi and S. zemi, six more broadly distributed Neotropical species, and three pan-tropical “tramp” species. 
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