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Abstract COVID‐19 wastewater‐based epidemiology has been performed in catchments of various sizes and sewer types with many short‐term studies available and multi‐seasonal studies emerging. The objective of this study was to compare weekly observations of SARS‐CoV‐2 genes in municipal wastewater across multiple seasons for different systems as a factor of sewer type (combined, separate sanitary) and system size. Sampling occurred following the first wave of SARS‐CoV‐2 cases in the study region (June 2020) and continued through the third wave (May 2021), the period during which clinical testing was widely available and different variants dominated clinical cases. The strongest correlations were observed between wastewater N1 concentrations and the cumulative clinical cases reported in the 2 weeks prior to wastewater sampling, followed by the week prior, new cases, and the week after wastewater sampling. Sewer type and size did not necessarily explain the strength of the correlations, indicating that other non‐sewer factors may be impacting the observations. In‐system sampling results for the largest system sampled are presented for 1 month. Removing wet weather days from the data sets improved even the flow‐normalized correlations for the systems, potentially indicating that interpreting results during wet weather events may be more complicated than simply accounting for dilution. Practitioner PointsSARS‐CoV‐2 in wastewater correlated best with total clinical cases reported in 2 weeks before wastewater sampling at the utility level.Study performed when clinical testing was widespread during the year after the first COVID‐19 wave in the region.Sewer type and size did not necessarily explain correlation strength between clinical cases and wastewater‐based epidemiology results.Removing wet weather days improved correlations for 3/4 utilities studied, including both separate sanitary and combined sewers. 

The COVID-19 pandemic offered a unique opportunity to study shifts in environmental antibiotic resistance that could be associated with the changes in disinfectant and/or antibiotic usage patterns, coinfections, or other behaviors. The aim of this study was to document temporal changes (pre-, early-, versus later-pandemic) in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), ARG hosts, biomarkers of potential coinfections, and the total microbiome in municipal wastewater influent from one separate sanitary and one combined sewer system. The 16S rRNA gene copy normalized concentration of qacE was higher in early- than prepandemic samples, and sul1 and tet(G) were higher in early- than later-pandemic samples. Metagenomics revealed significant changes in the abundance of the macrolide and sulfonamide ARG classes. COVID-19 cases positively correlated with the disinfectants/antiseptics group of ARGs and negatively correlated with the sulfonamide and aminoglycoside resistance classes. Discussion is provided regarding the correspondence of these observations with antibiotic prescription pattern changes during the study period. Putative waterborne pathogens were identified, which is of potential interest for understanding the prevalence of community coinfections. No changes in host-ARG associations were observed. Overall, the results of this study may help in understanding the impact of the pandemic and/or lack thereof on another public health crisis: antibiotic resistance.