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  1. Abstract

    After decades, the theoretical study of core-collapse supernova explosions is moving from parameterized, spherically symmetric models to increasingly realistic multidimensional simulations. However, obtaining nucleosynthesis yields based on such multidimensional core-collapse supernova simulations is not straightforward. Frequently, tracer particles are employed. Tracer particles may be tracked in situ during the simulation, but often they are reconstructed in a post-processing step based on the information saved during the hydrodynamic simulation. Reconstruction can be done in a number of ways, and here we compare the approaches of backward and forward integration of the equations of motion to the results based on inline particle trajectories. We find that both methods agree reasonably well with the inline results for isotopes for which a large number of particles contribute. However, for rarer isotopes that are produced only by a small number of particle trajectories, deviations can be large. For our setup, we find that backward integration leads to better agreement with the inline particles by more accurately reproducing the conditions following freeze-out from nuclear statistical equilibrium, because the establishment of nuclear statistical equilibrium erases the need for detailed trajectories at earlier times. Based on our results, if inline tracers are unavailable, we recommend backward reconstruction to the point when nuclear statistical equilibrium was last applied, with an interval between simulation snapshots of at most 1 ms for nucleosynthesis post-processing.

     
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  2. Abstract

    We compare the core-collapse evolution of a pair of 15.8Mstars with significantly different internal structures, a consequence of the bimodal variability exhibited by massive stars during their late evolutionary stages. The 15.78 and 15.79Mprogenitors have core masses (masses interior to an entropy of 4kBbaryon−1) of 1.47 and 1.78Mand compactness parametersξ1.75of 0.302 and 0.604, respectively. The core-collapse simulations are carried out in 2D to nearly 3 s postbounce and show substantial differences in the times of shock revival and explosion energies. The 15.78Mmodel begins exploding promptly at 120 ms postbounce when a strong density decrement at the Si–Si/O shell interface, not present in the 15.79Mprogenitor, encounters the stalled shock. The 15.79Mmodel takes 100 ms longer to explode but ultimately produces a more powerful explosion. Both the larger mass accretion rate and the more massive core of the 15.79Mmodel during the first 0.8 s postbounce time result in largerνe/ν¯eluminosities and RMS energies along with a flatter and higher-density heating region. The more-energetic explosion of the 15.79Mmodel resulted in the ejection of twice as much56Ni. Most of the ejecta in both models are moderately proton rich, though counterintuitively the highest electron fraction (Ye= 0.61) ejecta in either model are in the less-energetic 15.78Mmodel, while the lowest electron fraction (Ye= 0.45) ejecta in either model are in the 15.79Mmodel.

     
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