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Biomineralization refers to the biological processes through which living organisms produce minerals. In recent years, biomineralizing microorganisms have been used to stabilize soil or to impart a self-healing or self-sealing mechanism to damaged cement and concrete materials. However, applications of biominerals in cement and concrete research can extend far beyond these applications. This article focuses on the biomineralization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) and their past, present, and future potential applications in cement and concrete research. First, we review the mechanisms of CaCO3 and SiO2 biomineralization and the micro- and macroorganisms involved in their production. Second, we showcase the wide array of biomineral architectures, with an explicit focus on CaCO3 polymorphs and SiO2 morphologies found in nature. Third, we briefly summarize previous applications of CaCO3 and SiO2 biomineralization in cement and concrete research. Finally, we discuss emerging applications of biominerals in cement and concrete research, including mineral admixtures or raw meal for portland cement production, as well as other applications that extend beyond self-healing. 

Portland cement is one of the most used materials on earth. Its annual production is responsible for approximately 7% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. These emissions are primarily associated with (1) the burning of fossil fuels to heat cement kilns and (2) the release of CO2 during limestone calcination. One proposed strategy for CO2 reduction includes the use of functional limestone fillers, which reduce the amount of portland cement in concrete without compromising strength. This study investigated the effect of using renewable, CO2-storing, biogenic CaCO3 produced by E. huxleyi as limestone filler in portland limestone cements (PLCs). Biogenic CaCO3 was used to synthesize PLCs with 0, 5, 15, and 35% limestone replacement of portland cement. The results substantiate that the particle sizes of the biogenic CaCO3 were significantly smaller and the surface areas significantly larger than that of reagent grade CaCO3. X-ray diffraction indicated no differences in mineralogy between reagent-grade and biogenic CaCO3. The use of biogenic CaCO3 as a limestone filler led to (i) increased water demand at the higher replacements, which was countered by using a superplasticizer, and (ii) enhanced nucleation during cement hydration, as measured by isothermal conduction calorimetry. The 7-day compressive strengths of the PLC pastes were measured using mechanical testing. Enhanced nucleation effects were observed for PLC samples containing biogenic CaCO3. 7-day compressive strength of the PLCs produced using biogenic CaCO3 were also enhanced compared to PLCs produced using reagent-grade CaCO3 due to the nucleation effect. This study illustrates an opportunity for using CO2-storing, biogenic CaCO3 to enhance mechanical properties and CO2 storage in PLCs containing biologically architected CaCO3. 

Portland cement concrete, the most used manufactured material in the world, is a significant contributor to anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. While strategies such as point-source CO 2 capture, renewable fuels, alternative cements, and supplementary cementitious materials can yield substantial reductions in cement-related CO 2 emissions, emerging biocement technologies based on the mechanisms of microbial biomineralization have the potential to radically transform the industry. In this work, we present a review and meta-analysis of the field of biomineralized building materials and their potential to improve the sustainability and durability of civil infrastructure. First, we review the mechanisms of microbial biomineralization, which underpin our discussion of current and emerging biomineralized material technologies and their applications within the construction industry. We conclude by highlighting the technical, economic, and environmental challenges that must be addressed before new, innovative biomineralized material technologies can scale beyond the laboratory.