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Speech sounds exist in a complex acoustic–phonetic space, and listeners vary in the extent to which they are sensitive to variability within the speech sound category (“gradience”) and the degree to which they show stable, consistent responses to phonetic stimuli. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that individual differences in the perception of the sound categories of one's language may aid speech-in-noise performance across the adult lifespan. Declines in speech-in-noise performance are well documented in healthy aging, and are, unsurprisingly, associated with differences in hearing ability. Nonetheless, hearing status and age are incomplete predictors of speech-in-noise performance, and long-standing research suggests that this ability draws on more complex cognitive and perceptual factors. In this study, a group of adults ranging in age from 18 to 67 years performed online assessments designed to measure phonetic category sensitivity, questionnaires querying recent noise exposure history and demographic factors, and crucially, a test of speech-in-noise perception. Results show that individual differences in the perception of two consonant contrasts significantly predict speech-in-noise performance, even after accounting for age and recent noise exposure history. This finding supports the hypothesis that individual differences in sensitivity to phonetic categories mediates speech perception in challenging listening situations.