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Asian aeolian dust is a primary factor in Northern Hemisphere atmospheric dynamics. Predicting past and future changes in atmospheric circulation patterns relies in part on sound knowledge of Central Asian dust properties and the dust cycle. Unfortunately for that region, data are too sparse to constrain the variation in dust composition over time. Here, we evaluate the potential of a Tibetan ice core to provide a comprehensive paleo-atmospheric dust record and thereby reduce uncertainties regarding mineral aerosols’ feedback on the climate system. We present the first datasets of the mineralogical, geochemical, and Sr-Nd isotope composition of aeolian dust preserved in pre-Holocene layers of two ice cores from the Guliya ice cap (Kunlun Mountains). The composition of samples from the Summit (GS; 6710 m a.s.l.) and Plateau (GP; 6200 m a.s.l.) cores reveals that the characteristics of the dust in the cores’ deepest ice layers are significantly different. The deepest GS layers reveal isotopic values that correspond to aeolian particles from the Taklimakan desert, contain a mix of fine and coarse grains, and include weathering-sensitive material suggestive of a dry climate at the source. The deep GP layers primarily consist of unusual nodules of well size-sorted grey clay enriched in weathering-resistant minerals and elements typically found in geothermal waters, suggesting that the dust preserved in the oldest GP layers originates from a wet and possibly anoxic source. The variability of the dust composition highlighted here attests to its relevance as a paleo-environmental messenger and warrants further exploration of the particularly heterogenous Guliya glacial dust archive.