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  1. Free, publicly-accessible full text available June 1, 2024
  2. Free, publicly-accessible full text available May 1, 2024
  3. A bstract We introduce a new phenomenological tool based on momentum region indicators to guide the analysis and interpretation of semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering measurements. The new tool, referred to as “affinity”, is devised to help visualize and quantify the proximity of any experimental kinematic bin to a particular hadron production region, such as that associated with transverse momentum dependent factorization. We apply the affinity estimator to existing HERMES and COMPASS data and expected data from Jefferson Lab and the future Electron-Ion Collider. We also provide an interactive notebook based on Machine Learning for fast evaluation of affinity. 
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    A bstract We perform a global fit of the available polarized Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS), polarized pion-induced Drell-Yan (DY) and W ± /Z boson production data at N 3 LO and NNLO accuracy of the Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) evolution, and extract the Sivers function for u , d , s and for sea quarks. The Qiu-Sterman function is determined in a model independent way via the operator product expansion from the extracted Sivers function. The analysis is supplemented by additional studies, such as the estimation of applicability region, the impact of the unpolarized distributions’ uncertainties, the universality of the Sivers functions, positivity constraints, the significance of the sign-change relation, and the comparison with the existing extractions. 
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