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Survey research is at a crossroads. For at least half a century, survey data have been essential to government agencies, policy-makers, businesses, and academics across different fields to inform a wide range of critical decisions with far-reaching consequences. Even in an era of “big data,” surveys remain fundamental to understanding and shaping the economy, politics and governance, and society. Yet challenges to conducting high quality surveys are substantial and increasing. Face-to-face interviewing remains the gold standard of survey research, but the rising costs of such interviews are prohibitive. New technologies, techniques, and data sources present opportunities to improve the efficiency and speed of survey data collection and/or reduce its costs but have shortcomings that may exceed their advantages. To examine and develop strategies to address the challenges facing survey research, the Duke Initiative on Survey Methodology hosted a conference January 14th and 15th, 2021, on the Future of Survey Research. This report summarizes the proceedings and highlights key recommendations that resulted.