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Electrocatalytic transformation of oxygenated aromatics to cycloalkanes on activated carbon cloth-supported ruthenium and platinum under mild conditions (≤60°, atmospheric pressure) using hydrogen equivalents producedin situby water splitting. 

Electrocatalytic transformation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol on activated carbon cloth-supported ruthenium at mild conditions (≤ 50 °C under atmospheric pressure) using hydrogen equivalents producedin situby water splitting. 

Quantification of environmental impacts through life cycle assessment is essential when evaluating bioenergy systems as potential replacements for fossil-based energy systems. Bioenergy systems employing localized fast pyrolysis combined with electrocatalytic hydrogenation followed by centralized hydroprocessing (Py-ECH) can have higher carbon and energy efficiencies than traditional cellulosic biorefineries. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment was performed to compare the performance of Py-ECH versus cellulosic fermentation in three environmental impact categories: climate change, water scarcity, and eutrophication. Liquid hydrocarbon production using Py-ECH was found to have much lower eutrophication potential and water scarcity footprint than cellulosic ethanol production. Greater amounts of renewable electricity led to lower greenhouse gas emissions for the Py-ECH processing. When the renewable fraction of grid electricity is higher than 87%, liquid hydrocarbon production using Py-ECH has lower greenhouse gas emissions than cellulosic ethanol production. A sensitivity analysis illustrates the major role of annual soil carbon sequestration in determining system-wide net greenhouse gas emissions. 

Maximizing fossil fuel displacement and limiting atmospheric carbon dioxide levels require a high efficiency of carbon incorporation in bioenergy systems. The availability of biomass carbon is a constraint globally, and strategies to increase the efficiency of bioenergy production and biogenic carbon use are needed. Previous studies have shown that “energy upgrading” of biomass by coupling with renewable electricity through electrocatalytic hydrogenation offers a potential pathway to near full petroleum fuel displacement in the U.S., even when annual U.S. biomass production is limited to 1.2 billion dry tonnes. Commercialization of such technology requires economic feasibility. A technoeconomic model of decentralized, depot-based pyrolysis with electrocatalytic hydrogenation and centralized upgrading (Py-ECH), producing liquid hydrocarbon fuel is presented and compared to a cellulosic ethanol pathway using consistent assumptions. Using a discounted cash flow approach, a minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of $3.62 per gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE) or $0.96 per gasoline liter equivalent (GLE) is estimated for Py-ECH fuel derived from corn stover, considering n th plant economics and a fixed internal rate of return of 10%. This is comparable to the MFSP for cellulosic ethanol from fermentation with the same feedstock ($3.71 per GGE or $0.98 per GLE) and is in the range of gasoline prices over the last 20 years of $1 per GGE ($0.26 per GLE) to $4.44 per GGE ($1.17 per GLE) in 2018. Optimization studies on depot sizing identified a trade-off between transportation and economies-of-scale costs, with an optimum size of 500 tpd. Sensitivity analyses showed that electricity cost, raw material costs, bio-oil yields, and cell efficiencies are the key parameters that affect the Py-ECH MFSP. With system improvements, a pathway to less than $3 per GGE or $0.79 per GLE is articulated for liquid hydrocarbon fuel from corn stover using Py-ECH.