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Abstract Subduction zones are host to some of the largest and most devastating geohazards on Earth. The magnitude of these hazards is often measured by the amount of energy they release over short periods of time, which itself depends on how much stored energy is available for the geologic processes that drive these hazards. By considering the energy transfer among processes within subduction zones, we can identify the energy inputs and outputs to the system and estimate the stored energy. Due to the multiscale nature of subduction zone processes, developing an energy budget of subduction zone hazards requires integrating a wide range of geologic and geophysical field, laboratory, and modeling studies. We present a framework for developing mechanical energy budgets of upper crustal deformation that considers processes within the magmatic system, at the subduction zone interface, distributed and localized deformation between the arc and trench, and surface processes that erode, transport, and store sediments. The subduction energy budget framework provides a way to integrate data and model results to explore interactions between diverse processes. Because fault mechanics, sediment transport and magmatic processes within subduction zones do not act in isolation, we gain insights by considering the common energetic elements of the subduction zone system. Building energy budgets reveals gaps in our understanding of subduction zone processes, and thus highlights opportunities for new interdisciplinary research on subduction zone processes that can inform hazard potential.