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  1. (, The Journal of Symbolic Logic)
    The cofinality quantifiers were introduced by Shelah as an example of a compact logic stronger than first-order logic. We show that the classes of models axiomatized by these quantifiers can be turned into an Abstract Elementary Class by restricting to positive and deliberate uses. Rather than using an ad hoc proof, we give a general framework of abstract Skolemizations. This method gives a uniform proof that a wide range of classes are Abstract Elementary Classes. 
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  2. ; ; ; (, The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic)
    Abstract When classes of structures are not first-order definable, we might still try to find a nice description. There are two common ways for doing this. One is to expand the language, leading to notions of pseudo-elementary classes, and the other is to allow infinite conjuncts and disjuncts. In this paper we examine the intersection. Namely, we address the question: Which classes of structures are both pseudo-elementary and $${\mathcal {L}}_{\omega _1, \omega }$$ -elementary? We find that these are exactly the classes that can be defined by an infinitary formula that has no infinitary disjunctions. 
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  3. ; (, Fundamenta Mathematicae)
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