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  1. Free, publicly-accessible full text available December 1, 2025
  2. Power is becoming a scarce resource for data centers, raising the need for power adaptive system design—the ability to dynamically change power consumption—to match available power. Storage makes up an increasing fraction of total data center power consumption. As such, it holds great potential to contribute to data center power adaptivity. To this end, we conduct a measurement study of power control mechanisms on a variety of modern data center storage devices. By changing device power states and shaping IO, we achieve a power dynamic range of up to 59.4% of the device’s maximum operating power. We also study power control trade-offs, including throughput and latency. Based on our observations, we construct storage device power-throughput models and discuss the implications on power adaptive storage system design. 
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