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  1. (, Nature Nanotechnology)
    The term MXenes (pronounced ‘maxenes’) was first introduced in 2011 by Naguib et al. to indicate the exfoliated material obtained from a MAX bulk phase. A MAX phase (general formula Mx+1AXn, with n = 1–4) is a ternary carbide or nitride (X = C, N), with M an early transition metal and A an element from groups 13 or 14 of the periodic table. An important MAX phase material is Ti3AlC2 . To make the corresponding MXenes, Naguib et al. treated it with HF, which extracts the Al layer from the crystal structure, exposing the Ti atoms to possible chemical functionalization. In the first report, functionalization consisted of either F atoms or OH groups (after reacting with water). A sonication step then led to exfoliation into nanometer-thick crystal layers of the corresponding Ti3C2 MXene (general formula Mx+1Xn). 
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