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Abstract A new empirical electrophilicity reactivity parameter,E_RB, was developed based on the rotational barriers of a series ofN‐phenylimide molecular rotors containing various electrophilic groups. In the bond rotation transition state, these electrophilic groups form close contact with an electronegative C═O oxygen. Thus, strong electrophilic groups significantly lowered the rotational barrier. As a result, the rotational barriers were inversely correlated with the strengths of the electrophiles. The rotational barriers were measured by dynamic NMR (EXSY), enabling the quantification across a wide range of types of electrophiles. Computational analysis confirmed that the observed variations arose from intramolecular interactions in the transition state, where the C═O oxygen served as a probe of both the electrophilic group's electrostatic potential and steric accessibility. By simultaneously capturing attractive and repulsive transition state interactions,E_RBprovides an effective means of predicting electrophilicity and reactivity trends across a broad range of electrophiles and reaction types. The utility ofE_RBwas initially validated using a series of rotors containing Michael addition electrophiles, followed by broader application to a diverse array of reactions involvingsp³andsp²electrophiles, including S_N2, S_NAr, Pd‐oxidative addition, and Sonogashira reactions. 

Abstract Benzylic and allylic electrophiles are well known to react faster in S_N2 reactions than aliphatic electrophiles, but the origins of this enhanced reactivity are still being debated. Galabov, Wu, and Allen recently proposed that electrostatic interactions in the transition state between the nucleophile (Nu) and the sp²carbon (C2) adjacent to the electrophilic carbon (C1) play a key role. To test this secondary electrostatic hypothesis, molecular rotors were designed that form similar through‐space electrostatic interactions with C2 in their bond rotation transition states without forming bonds to C1. This largely eliminates the alternative explanation of stabilizing conjugation effects between C1 and C2 in the transition state. The rotor barriers were strongly correlated with the experimentally measured S_N2 free energy. Notably, rotors where C2 was sp²or sp‐hybridized had barriers that were consistently 0.5–2.0 kcal mol⁻¹lower than those for rotors where C2 was sp³‐hybridized. Computational studies of atomic charges were consistent with the formation of stabilizing secondary electrostatic interactions. Further confirmation came from observing the benzylic effect in rotors where the first atom was varied, including oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and sp²‐carbon. In summary, these studies provided strong experimental support for the role of secondary electrostatic interactions in the S_N2 reaction. 

Abstract Non‐covalent chalcogen bond (ChB) interactions have found utility in many fields, including catalysis, organic semiconductors, and crystal engineering. In this study, the transition stabilizing effects of ChB interactions of oxygen and sulfur were experimentally measured using a series of molecular rotors. The rotors were designed to form ChB interactions in their bond rotation transition states. This enabled the kinetic influences to be assessed by monitoring changes in the rotational barriers. Despite forming weaker ChB interactions, the smaller chalcogens were able to stabilize transition states and had measurable kinetic effects on the rotational barriers. Sulfur stabilized the bond rotation transition state by as much as −7.2 kcal/mol without electron‐withdrawing groups. The key was to design a system where the sulfur ‐hole was aligned with the lone pairs of the chalcogen bond acceptor. Oxygen rotors also could form transition state stabilizing ChB interactions but required electron‐withdrawing groups. For both oxygen and sulfur ChB interactions, a strong correlation was observed between transition state stabilizing abilities and electrostatic potential (ESP) of the chalcogen, providing a useful predictive parameter for the rational design of future ChB systems. 

Abstract An empirical model was developed to predict organic solvophobic effects usingN‐phenylimide molecular balances functionalized with non‐polar alkyl groups. Solution studies and X‐ray crystallography confirmed intramolecular alkyl‐alkyl interactions in theirfoldedconformers. The structural modularity of the balances allowed systematic variation of alkyl group lengths. Control balances were instrumental in isolating weak organic solvophobic effects by eliminating framework solvent‐solute effects. A¹⁹F NMR label enabled analysis across 46 deuterated and non‐deuterated solvent systems. Linear correlations were observed between organic solvophobic effects and solvent cohesive energy density (ced) as well as changes in solvent‐accessible surface areas (SASA). Using these empirical relationships, a model was constructed to predict organic solvophobic interaction energy per unit area for any organic solvent with knowncedvalues. The predicted interaction energies aligned with recent organic solvophobic measurements and literature values for the hydrophobic effect on non‐polar surfaces confirmed the model‘s accuracy and utility. 

Solvent attenuation of dispersion interactions was quantified using a new class of rigid intramolecular CH–π molecular balances.