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Abstract Human–wildlife interactions (HWIs) influence the health of humans and wildlife but a unifying framework is needed to understand the causes of HWIs to anticipate health-associated outcomes. In this article, we present a novel conceptual framework that positions wildlife and human health as outcomes of HWIs, human health risks and benefits as motivating factors to manage wildlife and HWIs, and wildlife and environmental health as drivers of future HWIs. We discuss policy implications, including centering wildlife health in preventing harmful HWIs and the wildlife health impacts of management actions to promote or prevent HWIs. We pose guiding questions for advancing health equity that explore who disproportionately experiences health risks and benefits arising from HWIs and who has the capacity to engage with management. Recognizing the integrated relationships between health and HWIs enables scientists and managers to collaboratively mitigate negative HWIs and promote favorable outcomes while protecting the health of people and wildlife.