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Abstract Compared to the interaction of electromagnetic particles in matter, that of hadrons is less well measured and there is a need to improve hadron calorimeter performance. One promising method is dual readout, in which both Cherenkov and scintillation light must be detected. Precision crystals like lead tungstate (PWO), where Cherenkov and scintillation light are produced in the same volume, have been of interest for hadronic calorimeters. However, the most recent type of these crystals, the new PWO-II, has never been evaluated in detail. In this article, we perform measurements of the relative contribution of Cherenkov light generated in PbWO₄  crystals using cosmic muons. The measurement method is based on the differences in the angular distributions of Cherenkov and scintillation radiations. Light yield generated by cosmic muons passing through the midpoint of a crystal were detected from both Left (L) and Right (R) sides of the crystal. Noticeable dependence of the left-right asymmetry versus the angular orientation of the crystal relative to the incident muons was observed. Based on this angular asymmetry, the contribution of Cherenkov radiation is measured to be at a level of 20–25% relative to the total detected light output. The measured asymmetry is qualitatively well described by the simulation. More studies are needed to confirm these initial observations. 

Abstract The successful realization of the EIC scientific program requires the design and construction of high-performance particle detectors. Recent developments in the field of scientific computing and increased availability of high performance computing resources have made it possible to perform optimization of multi-parameter designs, even when the latter require longer computational times (for example simulations of particle interactions with matter). Procedures involving machine-assisted techniques used to inform the design decision have seen a considerable growth in popularity among the EIC detector community. Having already been realized for tracking and RICH PID detectors, it has a potential application in calorimetry designs. A SciGlass barrel calorimeter originally designed for EIC Detector-1 has a semi-projective geometry that allows for non-trivial performance gains, but also poses special challenges in the way of effective exploration of the design space while satisfying the available space and the cell dimension constraints together with the full detector acceptance requirement. This talk will cover specific approaches taken to perform this detector design optimization. 

Abstract Artificial Intelligence is poised to transform the design of complex, large-scale detectors like ePIC at the future Electron Ion Collider. Featuring a central detector with additional detecting systems in the far forward and far backward regions, the ePIC experiment incorporates numerous design parameters and objectives, including performance, physics reach, and cost, constrained by mechanical and geometric limits.This project aims to develop a scalable, distributed AI-assisted detector design for the EIC (AID(2)E), employing state-of-the-art multiobjective optimization to tackle complex designs. Supported by the ePIC software stack and usingGeant4simulations, our approach benefits from transparent parameterization and advanced AI features.The workflow leverages the PanDA and iDDS systems, used in major experiments such as ATLAS at CERN LHC, the Rubin Observatory, and sPHENIX at RHIC, to manage the compute intensive demands of ePIC detector simulations. Tailored enhancements to the PanDA system focus on usability, scalability, automation, and monitoring.Ultimately, this project aims to establish a robust design capability, apply a distributed AI-assisted workflow to the ePIC detector, and extend its applications to the design of the second detector (Detector-2) in the EIC, as well as to calibration and alignment tasks. Additionally, we are developing advanced data science tools to efficiently navigate the complex, multidimensional trade-offs identified through this optimization process. 

Abstract The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a state-of-the-art facility for studying the strong force, is expected to begin commissioning its first experiments in 2028. This is an opportune time for artificial intelligence (AI) to be included from the start at this facility and in all phases that lead up to the experiments. The second annual workshop organized by the AI4EIC working group, which recently took place, centered on exploring all current and prospective application areas of AI for the EIC. This workshop is not only beneficial for the EIC, but also provides valuable insights for the newly established ePIC collaboration at EIC. This paper summarizes the different activities and R&D projects covered across the sessions of the workshop and provides an overview of the goals, approaches and strategies regarding AI/ML in the EIC community, as well as cutting-edge techniques currently studied in other experiments. 

Abstract We propose a new measurement of the ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton elastic scattering at DESY. The purpose is to determine the contributions beyond single-photon exchange, which are essential for the Quantum Electrodynamic (QED) description of the most fundamental process in hadronic physics. By utilizing a 20 cm long liquid hydrogen target in conjunction with the extracted beam from the DESY synchrotron, we can achieve an average luminosity of$$2.12\times 10^{35}$$ $2.12\times {10}^{35}$  cm$$^{-2}\cdot $$ ${}^{-2}·$ s$$^{-1}$$ ${}^{-1}$  ($$\approx 200$$ $\approx 200$ times the luminosity achieved by OLYMPUS). The proposed two-photon exchange experiment (TPEX) entails a commissioning run at a beam energy of 2 GeV, followed by measurements at 3 GeV, thereby providing new data up to$$Q^2=4.6$$ $Q^2=4.6$  (GeV/c)$$^2$$ ${}^2$ (twice the range of current measurements). We present and discuss the proposed experimental setup, run plan, and expectations. 

Measurements of semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering multiplicities for ${\pi }^{+}$ and ${\pi }^{-}$ from proton and deuteron targets are reported on a grid of hadron kinematic variables $z, P_T$ , and ${\varphi }^{*}$ for leptonic kinematic variables in the range $0.3<x<0.6$ and $3<Q^2<5{\mathrm{GeV}}^2$ . Data were acquired in 2018 and 2019 at Jefferson Lab Hall C with a 10.6 GeV electron beam impinging on 10-cm-long liquid hydrogen and deuterium targets. Scattered electrons and charged pions were detected in the High Momentum Spectrometer and Super High Momentum Spectrometer, respectively. The multiplicities were fitted for each bin in $(x,Q^2,z,P_t)$ to extract the ${\varphi }^{*}$ —independent $M_0$ and the azimuthal modulations $\langle cos\left({\varphi }^{*}\right)\rangle$ and $\langle cos\left(2{\varphi }^{*}\right)\rangle$ . The $P_t$ dependence of the $M_0$ results was found to be remarkably consistent for the four cases studied: $ep\to e{\pi }^{+}X, ep\to e{\pi }^{-}X, ed\to e{\pi }^{+}X, ed\to e{\pi }^{-}X$ over the range $0\text{GeV}<P_t<0.4\text{GeV}$ , as were the multiplicities evaluated near ${\varphi }^{*}={180}^{\circ }$ over the extended range $0\text{GeV}<P_t<0.7\text{GeV}$ . The Gaussian widths of the $P_t$ dependence exhibit a quadratic increase with $z$ . The $cos\left({\varphi }^{*}\right)$ modulations were found to be consistent with zero for ${\pi }^{+}$ , in agreement with previous world data, while the ${\pi }^{-}$ moments were, in many cases, significantly greater than zero. The $cos\left(2{\varphi }^{*}\right)$ modulations were found to be consistent with zero. The higher statistical precision of this dataset of about 20 000 individual multiplicity values, compared with previously published data, should allow improved determinations of quark transverse momentum distributions and higher twist contributions.