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  1. (, Observational Studies)
    In response to Pearl, Aronow et al. (2025) argue that randomized experiments are special among causal inference methods due to their statistical properties. I believe that the key distinction between randomized experiments and observational studies is not statistical, but rather epistemological in nature. In this comment, I aim to articulate this epistemological distinction and argue that it ought to take a more central role in these discussions. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available March 1, 2026