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  1. Black holes are important objects in our understanding of the universe, as they represent the extreme nature of General Relativity. The Kerr–Newman black hole is the most general asymptotically flat black hole solution and its stability properties have long been elusive due to the interaction between gravitational and electromagnetic radiations. We illustrate the main conjectures regarding the stability problem of known black hole solutions and present some recent theorems regarding the evolution of the Kerr–Newman black holes to coupled perturbations. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available January 24, 2026
  2. We study axisymmetric solutions to the wave equation on extremal Kerr backgrounds and obtain integrated local energy decay (or Morawetz estimates) through an analysis exclusively in physical-space. Boundedness of the energy and Morawetz estimates for axisymmetric waves in extremal Kerr were first obtained by Aretakis [13] through the construction of frequency-localized currents used in particular to express the trapping degeneracy. Here we extend to extremal Kerr a method introduced by Stogin [63] in the sub-extremal case, simplifying Aretakis’ derivation of Morawetz estimates through purely classical currents. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available December 1, 2025