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  1. Free, publicly-accessible full text available May 24, 2026
  2. Free, publicly-accessible full text available April 24, 2026
  3. Transformers have revolutionized machine learning, yet their inner workings remain opaque to many. We present TRANSFORMER EXPLAINER, an interactive visualization tool designed for non-experts to learn about Transformers through the GPT-2 model. Our tool helps users understand complex Transformer concepts by integrating a model overview and smooth transitions across abstraction levels of math operations and model structures. It runs a live GPT-2 model locally in the user’s browser, empowering users to experiment with their own input and observe in real-time how the internal components and parameters of the Transformer work together to predict the next tokens. 125,000 users have used our open-source tool at https://poloclub.github.io/ transformer-explainer/. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available April 11, 2026
  4. Free, publicly-accessible full text available January 1, 2026