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  1. Free, publicly-accessible full text available February 1, 2027
  2. In this work we derive and study the analytical solution of the voltage and current diffusion equation for the case of a finite-length resistor-constant phase element (CPE) transmission line (TL) network that can represent a model for porous electrodes in the absence of any Faradic processes. The energy storage component is considered to be an elemental CPE per unit length of impedancezc(s) = 1/(cαsα) with constant parameters (cα, α) instead of the ideal capacitor of impedancez(s) = 1/(cs) usually assumed in TL modeling. The problem becomes a time-fractional diffusion equation for the voltage that we solve under galvanostatic charging, and derive from it a reduced impedance function of the form z α ( s n ) = s n α / 2 coth ( s n α / 2 ) , wheresn = jωnis a normalized frequency. We also derive the system’s step response, and the distribution function of relaxation times associated with it. The analysis can be viewed and used as a support for the fractal finite-length Warburg model. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available May 1, 2026