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  1. Abstract Intermittent renewable energy sources can mitigate climate change, but they require high-performance, reliable batteries. The widely used lithium-ion batteries contain Li, Co, and Ni, and the growing demand for these elements, together with their relatively limited sources, has raised concerns about their supply chain stability. Sodium-ion batteries have become an economical alternative. Sodium vanadium phosphate, Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP), is a compelling candidate with high stability and ionic conductivity due to its polyanionic sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) structure. However, NVP suffers from poor electronic conductivity and requires hierarchical morphology to allow facile ion and electron transfer. Spray-drying has been used to achieve hierarchical secondary particle structures, but the foremost reported NVP syntheses rely on either flammable/toxic organic solvents or expensive nanocarbon additives. In this study, we spray-dry an aqueous suspension without using expensive carbon additives. The obtained NVP sodium-ion half cells showed very high reversible capacity (114.7 mAh g-1 at 0.2C), high rate capability (80.8% capacity retention at 30C), and stable cycling performance (96.7% capacity retention after 1,500 cycles at 10C). This superior performance demonstrates the great promise for NVP batteries as an alternative energy storage option to traditional lithium-ion batteries. 
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