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Seed dispersal through wind was historically considered a random process; however, plants can influence their dispersal through non-random seed detachment or abscission. Dandelion seeds facing the wind tend to abscise before those facing downwind, yet the mechanism that supports this has remained unclear. We measured the force needed for abscission in different directions and performed imaging of the detachment process. This revealed an asymmetry in the seed attachment morphology, which results in massive differences in the abscission force needed relative to the direction. We developed a mechanistic model to explain this directional bias and identified morphological factors that determine the properties of seed abscission. This discovery highlights plant adaptations that shape the seed dispersal profile to enhance reproductive success and can be used to improve population dynamic models of wind-dispersed plants. 

Biological flyers periodically flap their appendages to generate aerodynamic forces. Extensive studies have made significant progress in explaining the physics behind their propulsion in cruising by developing scaling laws of their flight kinematics. Notably Strouhal number (St; ratio of flapping frequency times stroke amplitude to cruising speed) has been found to fall in a narrow range for animal cruising flights. However, St exhibits strong correlation to flight conditions; as such, its universality has been confined to preferred flight conditions. Since the leading-edge vortices (LEV) on flapping appendages generate the majority of propulsive forces, here we take the perspective of LEV circulation maximization, which generalizes the dimensionless vortex formation time to flapping flight. The generalized vortex formation time scales the duration of vorticity injection with the rate of total vorticity growth inside the LEV and the maximum vorticity allowed inside it. By comparing the new scaling with St of previously reported animal cruising flights of 28 species, we show that the generalized vortex formation time is consistent across different animals and cruising locomotion, independent of flight conditions. This finding advances the fundamental principles underlying the complex wing kinematics of biological flyers and highlights a unifying framework for understanding biolocomotion.