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The processes governing the temporal and spatial patterns of isoprene and monoterpenes emitted by a rainforest in the central Amazon region of Brazil is investigated using a combination of field experiments and numerical simulations. Specifically, Large Eddy Simulations (LES) were used to resolve emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes, turbulent transport, and air chemistry. The coupled chemistry-transport LES included the effects of isoprene and monoterpenes reactivity due to reactions with hydroxyl radical and ozone. The LES results are used to compute vertically resolved budgets of isoprene and monoterpenes in the rainforest canopy in response to emissions, turbulent transport, surface deposition, and air chemistry. Results indicated that emission and dispersion dominated the isoprene budget as the gases were transported out of the canopy space. In a region limited by nitrogen oxides (with prevailing nitric oxide levels of < 0.5 parts per billion), the in-canopy chemical destruction removed approximately 10% of locally emitted monoterpenes. Hydroxyl radical production rates from the ozonolysis of monoterpenes amounted to ≈ 2 × 106 radicals cm3 s-1 and had similar magnitude to the light-dependent hydroxyl radical formation. One key conclusion was that the Amazoniarainforest abundantly emitted monoterpenes whose in-canopy ozonolysis yielded hydroxyl radicals in amounts similar to the magnitude of light-dependent formation. Reactions of monoterpenes and isoprene with hydroxyl radical and ozone were necessary for the maintenance of the Amazon rainforest canopy as a photochemically active environment suitable to generate oxidants and secondary organic aerosols. 

AI Forensics is a novel research field that aims at providing techniques, mechanisms, processes, and protocols for an AI failure investigation. In this paper, we pave the way towards further exploring a sub-domain of AI forensics, namely AI model forensics, and introduce AI model ballistics as a subfield inspired by forensic ballistics. AI model forensics studies the forensic investigation process, including where available evidence can be collected, as it applies to AI models and systems. We elaborate on the background and nature of AI model development and deployment, and highlight the fact that these models can be replaced, trojanized, gradually poisoned, or fooled by adversarial input. The relationships and the dependencies of our newly proposed subdomain draws from past literature in software, cloud, and network forensics. Additionally, we share a use-case mini-study to explore the peculiarities of AI model forensics in an appropriate context. Blockchain is discussed as a possible solution for maintaining audit trails. Finally, the challenges of AI model forensics are discussed. 

Mobile device features like Apple CarPlay and Android Auto provide drivers safer hands-free navigation methods to use while driving. In crash investigations, understanding how these applications store data may be crucial in determining the what, when, where, who and why. By analyzing digital artifacts generated by Android Auto and Apple CarPlay, investigators can determine the last application displayed on the head unit, the application layout of the user’s home display screen, and other evidence which points to the utilization of the mobile device and its features while driving. Additionally, usage data can be found within other applications compatible with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay. In this paper, we explore the digital evidence produced by these applications and propose a proof of concept open source tool to assist investigators in automatically extracting relevant artifacts from Android Auto and Apple CarPlay as well as other day-to-day essential applications.