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  1. ; ; ; ; ; (, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations (DMR 2019))
    Xue, Nianwen; Croft, William; Hajic, Jan; Huang, Chu-Ren; Oepen, Stephan; Palmer, Martha; Pustejovsky, James (Ed.)
    Developers of cross-lingual semantic annotation schemes face a number of issues not encountered in monolingual annotation. This paper discusses four such issues, related to the establishment of annotation labels, and the treatment of languages with more fine-grained, more coarse-grained, and cross-cutting categories. We propose that a lattice-like architecture of the annotation categories can adequately handle all four issues, and at the same time remain both intuitive for annotators and faithful to typological insights. This position is supported by a brief annotation experiment. 
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  2. ; ; (, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations (DMR 2019))
    Xue, Nianwen; Croft, William; Hajic, Jan; Huang, Chu-Ren; Oepen, Stephan; Palmer, Martha; Pustejovsky, James (Ed.)
    This paper presents an annotation scheme for modality that employs a dependency structure. Events and sources (here, conceivers) are represented as nodes and epistemic strength relations characterize the edges. The epistemic strength values are largely based on Saurí and Pustejovsky’s (2009) FactBank, while the dependency structure mirrors Zhang and Xue’s (2018b) approach to temporal relations. Six documents containing 377 events have been annotated by two expert annotators with high levels of agreement. 
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