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1. Climate Change and Teleconnections Amplify Lake Stratification With Differential Local Controls of Surface Water Warming and Deep Water Cooling

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090959  

   Oleksy, Isabella A. ; Richardson, David C. ( March 2021 , Geophysical Research Letters)

   null (Ed.)
2. Cloud Formation From a Localized Water Release in the Upper Mesosphere: Indication of Rapid Cooling

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027285  

   Collins, Richard L. ; Stevens, Michael H. ; Azeem, Irfan ; Taylor, Michael J. ; Larsen, Miguel F. ; Williams, Bifford P. ; Li, Jintai ; Alspach, Jennifer H. ; Pautet, Pierre‐Dominique ; Zhao, Yucheng ; et al ( February 2021 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics)
3. Characterization of an Isolated Hybrid Cooled Server With Failure Scenarios Using Warm Water Cooling

   https://doi.org/10.1115/IPACK2017-74028  

   Chowdhury, Uschas ; Sahini, Manasa ; Siddarth, Ashwin ; Agonafer, Dereje ; Branton, Steve ( August 2017 , ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems)

   Modern day data centers are operated at high power for increased power density, maintenance, and cooling which covers almost 2 percent (70 billion kilowatt-hours) of the total energy consumption in the US. IT components and cooling system occupy the major portion of this energy consumption. Although data centers are designed to perform efficiently, cooling the high-density components is still a challenge. So, alternative methods to improve the cooling efficiency has become the drive to reduce the cooling cost. As liquid cooling is more efficient for high specific heat capacity, density, and thermal conductivity, hybrid cooling can offer the advantage of liquid cooling of high heat generating components in the traditional air-cooled servers. In this experiment, a 1U server is equipped with cold plate to cool the CPUs while the rest of the components are cooled by fans. In this study, predictive fan and pump failure analysis are performed which also helps to explore the options for redundancy and to reduce the cooling cost by improving cooling efficiency. Redundancy requires the knowledge of planned and unplanned system failures. As the main heat generating components are cooled by liquid, warm water cooling can be employed to observe the effects of raised inlet conditions in a hybrid cooled server with failure scenarios. The ASHRAE guidance class W4 for liquid cooling is chosen for our experiment to operate in a range from 25°C – 45°C. The experiments are conducted separately for the pump and fan failure scenarios. Computational load of idle, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 98% are applied while powering only one pump and the miniature dry cooler fans are controlled externally to maintain constant inlet temperature of the coolant. As the rest of components such as DIMMs & PCH are cooled by air, maximum utilization for memory is applied while reducing the number fans in each case for fan failure scenario. The components temperatures and power consumption are recorded in each case for performance analysis 

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4. Geometric Optimization of an Impinging Cold-Plate with a Trapezoidal Groove Used for Warm Water Cooling

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ITHERM.2018.8419540  

   Hadad, Yaser ; Pejman, Reza ; Ramakrishnan, Bharath ; Chiarot, Paul R ; Sammakia, Bahgat G ( May 2018 , 2018 17th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm))

   Due to their lower pressure drop, impinging cold-plates are preferred over parallel flow cold-plates when there is no strict space limitation (i.e. when flow can enter perpendicular to the electronic board). Splitting the flow into two branches cuts the flow rate and path in half, which leads to lower pressure drop through the channels. A groove is used to direct the flow exiting the diffuser into the channels. The number of the geometric design parameters of the cold-plate will vary depending on the shape of the groove. In this research, the response surface method (RSM) was used to optimization the fin geometry of an impinging cold-plate with a trapezoidal cross section groove. The cold plate is used for warm water cooling of electronics. Three fin parameters (thickness, height, and gap) and three groove parameters were optimized to reach minimum values for hydraulic and thermal resistances at fixed values of coolant inlet temperature, coolant flow rate, and electronic chip power. 

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5. Warming‐to‐Cooling Reversal of Overflow‐Derived Water Masses in the Irminger Sea During 2002–2021

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098057  

   Desbruyères, Damien G. ; Bravo, Eva Prieto ; Thierry, Virginie ; Mercier, Herlé ; Lherminier, Pascale ; Cabanes, Cécile ; Biló, Tiago C. ; Fried, Nora ; Femke De Jong, M. ( May 2022 , Geophysical Research Letters)