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1. An Examination of an Inland-Penetrating Atmospheric River Flood Event under Potential Future Thermodynamic Conditions

   https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0118.1  

   Mahoney, Kelly ; Swales, Dustin ; Mueller, Michael J. ; Alexander, Michael ; Hughes, Mimi ; Malloy, Kelsey ( August 2018 , Journal of Climate)
2. Forecast Advisory for a Cold-Season Heavy Rainfall/Flood Event That Developed from Multiple Interactions of the Cold-Surge Vortex with Cold-Surge Flows in the South China Sea

   https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-16-0148.1  

   Chen, Tsing-Chang ; Tsay, Jenq-Dar ; Matsumoto, Jun ; Alpert, Jordan ( June 2017 , Weather and Forecasting)
3. Observation of a rapid lake‐drainage event in the Arctic: Set‐up and trigger mechanisms, outburst flood behaviour, and broader fluvial impacts

   https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5571  

   Arp, Christopher D. ; Drew, Katie A. ; Bondurant, Allen C. ( January 2023 , Earth Surface Processes and Landforms)

   Lakes set in arctic permafrost landscapes can be susceptible to rapid drainage and downstream flood generation. Of many thousands of lakes in northern Alaska, hundreds have been identified as having high drainage potential directly to river systems and 18 such drainage events have been documented since 1955. In 2018 we began monitoring a large lake with high drainage potential as part of a long-term hydrological observation network designed to evaluate impacts of land use and climate change. In early June 2022, surface water was observed flowing over a 30-m wide bluff, with active headward erosion of ice-rich permafrost soils apparent by late June. This overflow point breached rapidly in early July, draining almost the entire lake within 12 h and generating a 191 m3/s flood to a downstream creek. Water level and turbidity sensors and time-lapse cameras captured this rapid lake-drainage event at high resolution. A wind-driven surface seiche and warming waters following ice-out helped trigger the initial thermomechanical breach. We estimate at least 600 MT of lake sediment was eroded, mobilized, and transported downstream. A flood wave peaking at 42 m3/s arrived 14 h after the initial breach at a river gauge 9-km downstream. Comparing this event with three other quantified arctic lake-drainage floodsmore »suggests that lake surface area coupled with drainage gradient height can predict outburst flood magnitude. Using this relationship we estimated future flood hazards from the 146 lakes in the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (ACP) with high drainage potential, of which 20% are expected to generate outburst floods exceeding 100 m3/s to downstream rivers. This fortunate and detailed drainage-event observation adds to a growing body of research on the impact of lakes on arctic hydrology, hazard forecasting in a region with an increasing human footprint, and broader processes of landscape evolution in arctic lowlands.« less
4. Reliability and Robustness Evaluation of a Remotely Operated Siphon System for Flood Mitigation during Hurricanes

   https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482940.004  

   Verma, Vivek ; Vutukuru, Krishna Sai ; Bian, Linlong ; Rojali, Aditia ; Ozecik, Dogukan ; Leon, Arturo ( May 2020 , World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2020)
5. Flood Impacts on Critical Infrastructure in a Coastal Floodplain in Western Puerto Rico during Hurricane María

   https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8030104  

   Mejia Manrique, Said A. ; Harmsen, Eric W. ; Khanbilvardi, Reza M. ; González, Jorge E. ( September 2021 , Hydrology)

   Flooding during extreme weather events damages critical infrastructure, property, and threatens lives. Hurricane María devastated Puerto Rico (PR) on 20 September 2017. Sixty-four deaths were directly attributable to the flooding. This paper describes the development of a hydrologic model using the Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA), capable of simulating flood depth and extent for the Añasco coastal flood plain in Western PR. The purpose of the study was to develop a numerical model to simulate flooding from extreme weather events and to evaluate the impacts on critical infrastructure and communities; Hurricane María is used as a case study. GSSHA was calibrated for Irma, a Category 3 hurricane, which struck the northeastern corner of the island on 7 September 2017, two weeks before Hurricane María. The upper Añasco watershed was calibrated using United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream discharge data. The model was validated using a storm of similar magnitude on 11–13 December 2007. Owing to the damage sustained by PR’s WSR-88D weather radar during Hurricane María, rainfall was estimated in this study using the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model. Flooding in the coastal floodplain during Hurricane María was simulated using three methods: (1) Use of observed discharge hydrograph frommore »the upper watershed as an inflow boundary condition for the coastal floodplain area, along with the WRF rainfall in the coastal flood plain; (2) Use of WRF rainfall to simulate runoff in the upper watershed and coastal flood plain; and (3) Similar to approach (2), except the use of bias-corrected WRF rainfall. Flooding results were compared with forty-two values of flood depth obtained during face-to-face interviews with residents of the affected communities. Impacts on critical infrastructure (water, electric, and public schools) were evaluated, assuming any structure exposed to 20 cm or more of flooding would sustain damage. Calibration equations were also used to improve flood depth estimates. Our model included the influence of storm surge, which we found to have a minimal effect on flood depths within the study area. Water infrastructure was more severely impacted by flooding than electrical infrastructure. From these findings, we conclude that the model developed in this study can be used with sufficient accuracy to identify infrastructure affected by future flooding events.« less