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1. Modeling Dynamic Helium Release as a Tracer of Rock Deformation: MECHANICAL GAS RELEASE

   https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014376  

   Gardner, W. Payton; Bauer, Stephen J.; Kuhlman, Kristopher L.; Heath, Jason E. (November 2017, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth)
2. Release, Transport, and accumulation of lithium in shale brines

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   Lee, Kyung Jae; You, Jiahui; Gao, Yongjun; Terlier, Tanguy (January 2024, Fuel)
3. Design of compositionally modulated materials for controlled strain release during deformation through phase-field simulations

   https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-024-00721-w  

   Wang, Dong; Zhu, Jiaming; Zhang, Tianlong; Wang, Yunzhi (June 2024, MRS Bulletin)
4. Characterization of helium release from apatite by continuous ramped heating

   https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.11.019  

   Idleman, Bruce D; Zeitler, Peter K; McDannell, Kalin T (April 2018, Chemical geology)

   Knowledge of the kinetic behavior of He in apatite and other U- and Th-bearing minerals comes largely from detailed step-heating experiments, yet such experiments are time consuming and are rarely performed during routine thermochronological studies using the U-Th/He method. We propose a new analytical method for measuring both the bulk 4He abundance and the kinetics of He release in apatite. Using this method He is extracted from samples by continuous heating using a ramped temperature schedule under static vacuum conditions, and the evolved He is measured periodically as it accumulates in the extraction system. Continuous ramped heating (CRH) experiments can be conducted using instrumentation available in most noble-gas ther- mochronology labs but require particular attention to temperature control, measurement linearity and dynamic range, and suppression of active gases co-evolved with He. CRH experiments require little more time than conventional single-step heating measurements but yield a detailed record of He release not provided by con- ventional methods. Kinetic parameters for He diffusion in Durango apatite derived from continuous heating data agree well with those obtained from published step-heating studies. The continuous record of He release ob- tained from CRH experiments also provides important information about the siting of He and the presence of multiple He components in apatite, some of which may be responsible for anomalous U-Th/He ages and high age dispersion. As such the CRH method shows promise as a useful sample screening tool for apatite U-Th/He thermochronology. 

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5. Investigating Fracture Network Deformation Using Noble Gas Release

   https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6697819  

   Gardner, W. Payton; Bauer, Stephen J.; Broome, Scott (May 2021, Geofluids)

   Vaselli, Orlando (Ed.)

   We investigate deformation mechanics of fracture networks in unsaturated fractured rocks from subsurface conventional detonation using dynamic noble gas measurements and changes in air permeability. We dynamically measured the noble gas isotopic composition and helium exhalation of downhole gas before and after a large subsurface conventional detonation. These noble gas measurements were combined with measurements of the subsurface permeability field from 64 discrete sampling intervals before and after the detonation and subsurface mapping of fractures in borehole walls before well completion. We saw no observable increase in radiogenic noble gas release from either an isotopic composition or a helium exhalation point of view. Large increases in permeability were observed in 13 of 64 discrete sampling intervals. Of the sampling intervals which saw large increases in flow, only two locations did not have preexisting fractures mapped at the site. Given the lack of noble gas release and a clear increase in permeability, we infer that most of the strain accommodation of the fractured media occurred along previously existing fractures, rather than the creation of new fractures, even for a high strain rate event. These results have significant implications for how we conceptualize the deformation of rocks with fracture networks above the percolation threshold, with application to a variety of geologic and geological engineering problems. 

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