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1. Terrestrial ecosystem model performance in simulating productivity and its vulnerability to climate change in the northern permafrost region: Modeled Productivity in Permafrost Regions

   https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003384  

   Xia, Jianyang; McGuire, A. David; Lawrence, David; Burke, Eleanor; Chen, Guangsheng; Chen, Xiaodong; Delire, Christine; Koven, Charles; MacDougall, Andrew; Peng, Shushi; et al (February 2017, Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences)
2. Divergent patterns of experimental and model-derived permafrost ecosystem carbon dynamics in response to Arctic warming

   https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae0ff  

   Schädel, Christina; Koven, Charles D; Lawrence, David M; Celis, Gerardo; Garnello, Anthony J; Hutchings, Jack; Mauritz, Marguerite; Natali, Susan M; Pegoraro, Elaine; Rodenhizer, Heidi; et al (October 2018, Environmental Research Letters)
3. Biophysical permafrost map indicates ecosystem processes dominate permafrost stability in the Northern Hemisphere

   https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac20f3  

   Ran, Youhua; Jorgenson, M Torre; Li, Xin; Jin, Huijun; Wu, Tonghua; Li, Ren; Cheng, Guodong (September 2021, Environmental Research Letters)

   Abstract The stability of permafrost is of fundamental importance to socio-economic well-being and ecological services, involving broad impacts to hydrological cycling, global budgets of greenhouse gases and infrastructure safety. This study presents a biophysical permafrost zonation map that uses a rule-based geographic information system (GIS) model integrating global climate and ecological datasets to classify and map permafrost regions (totaling 19.76 × 10 6 km 2 , excluding glaciers and lakes) in the Northern Hemisphere into five types: climate-driven (CD) (19% of area), CD/ecosystem-modified (41%), CD/ecosystem protected (3%), ecosystem-driven (29%), and ecosystem-protected (8%). Overall, 81% of the permafrost regions in the Northern Hemisphere are modified, driven, or protected by ecosystems, indicating the dominant role of ecosystems in permafrost stability in the Northern Hemisphere. Permafrost driven solely by climate occupies 19% of permafrost regions, mainly in High Arctic and high mountains areas, such as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This highlights the importance of reducing ecosystem disturbances (natural and human activity) to help slow permafrost degradation and lower the related risks from a warming climate. 

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4. The watershed‐ecosystem approach

   https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13977  

   Likens, Gene E. (January 2021, Hydrological Processes)
5. Numerical Model for Thaw Consolidation of Ice-Rich Permafrost Using the Finite Volume Approach

   https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784485989.017  

   Wang, Ziyi; Xiao, Ming (February 2025, American Society of Civil Engineers)

   This paper presents an implicit numerical model for one-dimensional thaw consolidation of saturated permafrost using finite volume approach. The model couples heat transfer with consolidation deformation and accounts for conduction, advection, phase change in heat transfer, and large strain in consolidation. The Crank–Nicolson method is used to obtain transient solutions. The overall approximation of the numerical scheme is of second-order accuracy. Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the thaw consolidation behaviors in a finite soil layer. Numerical results indicate that, in a finite soil layer, thaw penetration and settlement have nonlinear relationships with the square root of time with decreasing rate. The excess pore water pressure and void ratio at the thaw front decrease with time. Thaw consolidation behaviors can be strongly influenced by the thermal conductivity of soil grains. The advection heat-transfer mechanism has a negligible effect on thaw consolidation in low-permeability soil. 

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