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1. The tomato Arp2/3 complex is required for resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Oidium neolycopersici

   https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13569  

   Sun, Guangzheng ; Feng, Chanjing ; Guo, Jia ; Zhang, Ancheng ; Xu, Yuanliu ; Wang, Yang ; Day, Brad ; Ma, Qing ( July 2019 , Plant, Cell & Environment)

   The actin‐related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3 complex), a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, has been linked to multiple cellular processes, including those associated with response to stress. Herein, theSolanum habrochaitesARPC3gene, encoding a subunit protein of the Arp2/3 complex, was identified and characterized.ShARPC3encodes a 174‐amino acid protein possessing a conserved P21‐Arc domain. Silencing ofShARPC3resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogenOidium neolycopersici(On‐Lz), demonstrating a role forShARPC3in defence signalling. Interestingly, a loss ofShARPC3coincided with enhanced susceptibility toOn‐Lz, a process that we hypothesize is the result of a block in the activity of SA‐mediated defence signalling. Conversely, overexpression ofShARPC3inArabidopsis thaliana, followed by inoculation withOn‐Lz, showed enhanced resistance, including the rapid induction of hypersensitive cell death and the generation of reactive oxygen. Heterologous expression ofShARPC3in thearc18mutant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae(i.e.,∆arc18) resulted in complementation of stress‐induced phenotypes, including high‐temperature tolerance. Taken together, these data support a role for ShARPC3 in tomato through positive regulation of plant immunity in response toO. neolycopersicipathogenesis.

    

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2. An Ecological Investigation of the Emotional Context Surrounding Nonsuicidal Self‐Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Adolescents and Young Adults

   https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12373  

   Kranzler, Amy ; Fehling, Kara B. ; Lindqvist, Janne ; Brillante, Julia ; Yuan, Fengpeng ; Gao, Xianyi ; Miller, Alec L. ; Selby, Edward A. ( July 2017 , Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior)

   Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methodology was used to examine the emotional context of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). Forty‐seven adolescents and young adults used a novel smartphone app to monitor their emotional experiences,NSSIthoughts, and NSSI behaviors for 2 weeks. Momentary changes in both negative and positive emotions predicted greater intensity ofNSSIthoughts at the subsequent assessment, while only increases in negative emotion predictedNSSIbehaviors. Immediately followingNSSIbehaviors participants reported reduced high‐arousal negative emotions and increased low‐arousal positive emotions, suggesting thatNSSImay be an efficient and effective method of regulating emotion. Findings highlight the importance of addressing emotion regulation inNSSIinterventions.

    

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3. Infants’ Biological Sensitivity to the Effects of Maternal Social Support: Evidence Among Mexican American Families

   https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12266  

   Somers, Jennifer A. ; Jewell, Shannon L. ; Hanna Ibrahim, Mariam ; Luecken, Linda J. ( October 2018 , Infancy)

   The identification of infants who are most susceptible to both negative and positive social environments is critical for understanding early behavioral development. This study longitudinally assessed the interactive effects of infant vagal tone (respiratory sinus arrhythmia;RSA) and maternal social support on behavioral problems and competence among 322 low‐income Mexican American mother–infant dyads (infants: 54.1% female) and explored sex differences. InfantRSAwas calculated from restingHRdata at 6 weeks of age. Mothers reported on general social support, partner support, and family support at 6 months, and infant behavioral problems and competence at 1 year. Two‐way interactions (RSA × support source) were evaluated to predict behavioral problems and competence, adjusting for covariates. Results indicated higher competence among infants with lowerRSAwhose mothers reported higher general support or higher partner support. Interactive effects on behavior problems ofRSAwith maternal partner or family support were only found for female infants: Girls with higherRSAshowed more behavior problems when mothers reported low support, but fewer problem levels in the context of high support. Our results suggest that infantRSAis an important moderator of the effects of the early social environment on early development.

    

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4. Do Hostile School Environments Promote Social Deviance by Shaping Neural Responses to Social Exclusion?

   https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12340  

   Schriber, Roberta A. ; Rogers, Christina R. ; Ferrer, Emilio ; Conger, Rand D. ; Robins, Richard W. ; Hastings, Paul D. ; Guyer, Amanda E. ( February 2018 , Journal of Research on Adolescence)

   The present study examined adolescents’ neural responses to social exclusion as a mediator of past exposure to a hostile school environment (HSE) and later social deviance, and whether family connectedness buffered these associations. Participants (166 Mexican‐origin adolescents, 54.4% female) reported on theirHSEexposure and family connectedness across Grades 9–11. Six months later, neural responses to social exclusion were measured. Finally, social deviance was self‐reported in Grades 9 and 12. TheHSE–social deviance link was mediated by greater reactivity to social deviance in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, a region from the social pain network also implicated in social susceptibility. However, youths with stronger family bonds were protected from this neurobiologically mediated path. These findings suggest a complex interplay of risk and protective factors that impact adolescent behavior through the brain.

    

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5. Development of inhibitory control during childhood and its relations to early temperament and later social anxiety: unique insights provided by latent growth modeling and signal detection theory

   https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13025  

   Troller‐Renfree, Sonya V. ; Buzzell, George A. ; Bowers, Maureen E. ; Salo, Virginia C. ; Forman‐Alberti, Alissa ; Smith, Elizabeth ; Papp, Leanna J. ; McDermott, Jennifer M. ; Pine, Daniel S. ; Henderson, Heather A. ; et al ( February 2019 , Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry)

   Children with the temperament of behavioral inhibition (BI) face increased risk for social anxiety. However, not all children withBIdevelop anxiety symptoms. Inhibitory control (IC) has been suggested as a moderator of the pathway betweenBIand social anxiety. This study uses longitudinal data to characterize development ofICand tests the hypothesis thatICmoderates associations between earlyBIand later social anxiety symptoms.

   Children completed a Go/Nogo task at ages 5, 7, and 10 years as part of a longitudinal study ofBI(measured at 2–3 years) and social anxiety symptoms (measured at 12 years). To assessICdevelopment, response strategy (criterion) and inhibitory performance (d′) were characterized using signal detection theory. Latent growth models were used to characterize the development ofICand examine relations amongBI,ICparameters, and social anxiety symptoms.

   ICresponse strategy did not change between 5 and 10 years of age, whereasICperformance improved over time.BIscores in toddlerhood predicted neither initial levels (intercept) nor changes (slope) inICresponse strategy orICperformance. However, between ages 5 and 10, rate of change inICperformance, but not response strategy, moderated relations betweenBIand later parent‐reported social anxiety symptoms. Specifically, greater age‐related improvements inICperformance predicted higher levels of social anxiety in highBIchildren.

   ICdevelopment in childhood occurs independent ofBIlevels. However, rapid increases inICperformance moderate risk for social anxiety symptoms in children withBI. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

    

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