Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is an important cellular signaling molecule that exhibits promising protective effects. Although a number of triggerable H 2 S donors have been developed, spatiotemporal feedback from H 2 S release in biological systems remains a key challenge in H 2 S donor development. Herein we report the synthesis, evaluation, and application of caged sulfenyl thiocarbonates as new fluorescent H 2 S donors. These molecules rely on thiol cleavage of sulfenyl thiocarbonates to release carbonyl sulfide (COS), which is quickly converted to H 2 S by carbonic anhydrase (CA). This approach is a new strategy in H 2 S release and does not release electrophilic byproducts common from COS-based H 2 S releasing motifs. Importantly, the release of COS/H 2 S is accompanied by the release of a fluorescent reporter, which enables the real-time tracking of H 2 S by fluorescence spectroscopy or microscopy. Dependent on the choice of fluorophore, either one or two equivalents of H 2 S can be released, thus allowing for the dynamic range of the fluorescent donors to be tuned. We demonstrate that the fluorescence response correlates directly with quantified H 2 S release and also demonstrate the live-cell compatibility of these donors. Furthermore, these fluorescent donors exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 cells, indicating their potential application as new H 2 S-releasing therapeutics. Taken together, sulfenyl thiocarbonates provide a new platform for H 2 S donation and readily enable fluorescent tracking of H 2 S delivery in complex environments.
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Colorimetric Carbonyl Sulfide (COS)/Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) Donation from γ‐Ketothiocarbamate Donor Motifs
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a biologically active molecule that exhibits protective effects in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Although several H2S‐related biological effects have been discovered by using H2S donors, knowing how much H2S has been released from donors under different conditions remains challenging. Now, a series of γ‐ketothiocarbamate (γ‐KetoTCM) compounds that provide the first examples of colorimetric H2S donors and enable direct quantification of H2S release, were reported. These compounds are activated through a pH‐dependent deprotonation/β‐elimination sequence to release carbonyl sulfide (COS), which is quickly converted into H2S by carbonic anhydrase. The
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10074321
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Volume:
- 57
- Issue:
- 40
- ISSN:
- 1433-7851
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 13101-13105
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract Arylthioamides have been frequently employed to assess the chemical biology and pharmacology of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). From this class of donors, however, extremely low H2S releasing efficiencies have been reported and proper mechanistic studies have been omitted. Consequently, millimolar concentrations of arylthioamides are required to liberate just trace amounts of H2S, and via an unidentified mechanistic pathway, which obfuscates the interpretation of any biological activity that stems from their use. Herein, we report that H2S release from this valuable class of donors can be markedly enhanced through intramolecular nucleophilic assistance. Specifically, we demonstrate that both disulfide‐ and diselenide‐linked thioamides are responsive to biologically relevant concentrations of glutathione and release two molar equivalents of H2S via an intramolecular cyclization that significantly augments their rate and efficiency of sulfide delivery in both buffer and live human cells.
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Abstract Arylthioamides have been frequently employed to assess the chemical biology and pharmacology of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). From this class of donors, however, extremely low H2S releasing efficiencies have been reported and proper mechanistic studies have been omitted. Consequently, millimolar concentrations of arylthioamides are required to liberate just trace amounts of H2S, and via an unidentified mechanistic pathway, which obfuscates the interpretation of any biological activity that stems from their use. Herein, we report that H2S release from this valuable class of donors can be markedly enhanced through intramolecular nucleophilic assistance. Specifically, we demonstrate that both disulfide‐ and diselenide‐linked thioamides are responsive to biologically relevant concentrations of glutathione and release two molar equivalents of H2S via an intramolecular cyclization that significantly augments their rate and efficiency of sulfide delivery in both buffer and live human cells.
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Abstract Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule whose up‐ and down‐regulation have specific biological consequences. Although significant advances in H2S up‐regulation, by the development of H2S donors, have been achieved in recent years, precise H2S down‐regulation is still challenging. The lack of potent/specific inhibitors for H2S‐producing enzymes contributes to this problem. We expect the development of H2S scavengers is an alternative approach to address this problem. Since chemical sensors and scavengers of H2S share the same criteria, we constructed a H2S sensor database, which summarizes key parameters of reported sensors. Data‐driven analysis led to the selection of 30 potential compounds. Further evaluation of these compounds identified a group of promising scavengers, based on the sulfonyl azide template. The efficiency of these scavengers in in vitro and in vivo experiments was demonstrated.
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Abstract Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule whose up‐ and down‐regulation have specific biological consequences. Although significant advances in H2S up‐regulation, by the development of H2S donors, have been achieved in recent years, precise H2S down‐regulation is still challenging. The lack of potent/specific inhibitors for H2S‐producing enzymes contributes to this problem. We expect the development of H2S scavengers is an alternative approach to address this problem. Since chemical sensors and scavengers of H2S share the same criteria, we constructed a H2S sensor database, which summarizes key parameters of reported sensors. Data‐driven analysis led to the selection of 30 potential compounds. Further evaluation of these compounds identified a group of promising scavengers, based on the sulfonyl azide template. The efficiency of these scavengers in in vitro and in vivo experiments was demonstrated.
