An official website of the United States government
Abstract With the aim of constructing hydrogen‐bonding networks in synthetic complexes, two new ligands derived fromcis,cis‐1,3,5‐triaminocyclohexane (TACH) have been prepared that feature pendant pyrrole or indole rings as outer‐sphere H‐bond donors. The TACH framework offers a facial arrangement of threeN‐donors, thereby mimicking common coordination motifs in the active sites of nonheme Fe and Cu enzymes. X‐ray structural characterization of a series of CuI‐X complexes (X=F, Cl, Br, NCS) revealed that these neutral ligands (H3LR, R=pyrrole or indole) coordinate in the intended facialN3manner, yielding four‐coordinate complexes with idealizedC3symmetry. The N−H units of the outer‐sphere heterocycles form a hydrogen‐bonding cavity around the axial (pseudo)halide ligand, as verified by crystallographic, spectroscopic, and computational analyses. Treatment of H3Lpyrroleand H3Lindolewith divalent transition metal chlorides (MIICl2, M=Fe, Cu, Zn) causes one heterocycle to deprotonate and coordinate to the M(II) center, giving rise to tetradentate ligands with two remaining outer‐sphere H‐bond donors. Further ligand deprotonation is observed upon reaction with Ni(II) and Cu(II) salts with weakly coordinating counteranions. The reported complexes highlight the versatility of TACH‐based ligands with pendant H‐bond donors, as the resulting scaffolds can support multiple protonation states, coordination geometries, and H‐bonding interactions.
more »
« less
Bond Energies of Adsorbed Intermediates to Metal Surfaces: Correlation with Hydrogen–Ligand and Hydrogen–Surface Bond Energies and Electronegativities
Abstract Understanding what controls the strength of bonding of adsorbed intermediates to transition‐metal surfaces is of central importance in many technologies, especially catalysis and electrocatalysis. Our recently measured bond enthalpies of −OH, −OCH3, −O(O)CH and −CH3to Pt(111) and Ni(111) surfaces are fit well (standard deviation of 7.2 kJ mol−1) by a predictive equation involving only known parameters (gas‐phase ligand–hydrogen bond enthalpies, bond enthalpies of adsorbed H atoms to that surface, electronegativities of the elements, and group electronegativities of the ligands). This equation is based upon Pauling's equation, with improvements introduced by Matcha, derived here following manipulations of Matcha's equation similar to (but going beyond) those introduced by Schock and Marks to explain ligand–metal bond enthalpy trends in organometallic complexes.
more »
« less
- Award ID(s):
- 1665077
- PAR ID:
- 10079994
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Volume:
- 57
- Issue:
- 51
- ISSN:
- 1433-7851
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 16877-16881
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
Abstract Spillover of adsorbed species from one active site to another is a key step in heterogeneous catalysis. However, the factors controlling this step, particularly the spillover of polyatomic species, have rarely been studied. Herein, we investigate the spillover dynamics of H* and CH3* species on a single‐atom alloy surface (Rh/Cu(111)) upon the dissociative chemisorption of methane (CH4), using molecular dynamics that considers both surface phonons and electron‐hole pairs. These dynamical calculations are made possible by a high‐dimensional potential energy surface machine learned from density functional theory data. Our results provide compelling evidence that the H* and CH3* can spill over on the metal surface at experimental temperatures and reveal novel dynamical features involving an internal motion during diffusion for CH3*. Increasing surface temperature has a minor effect on promoting spillover, as geminate recombinative desorption becomes more prevalent. However, the poisoning of the active site can be mitigated by the frequent gaseous molecular collisions that occur under ambient pressure in real‐world catalysis, which transfer energy to the trapped adsorbates. Interestingly, the bulky CH3* exhibits a significant spillover advantage over the light H* due to its larger size, which facilitates energy acquisition. These insights help to advance our understanding of spillover in heterogeneous catalysis.more » « less
-
Abstract Molecular design ultimately furnishes improvements in performance over time, and this has been the case for Rh‐ and Ir‐based molecular catalysts currently used in transfer hydrogenation (TH) reactions for fine chemical synthesis. In this report, we describe a molecular pincer ligand Al catalyst for TH, (I2P2−)Al(THF)Cl (I2P=diiminopyridine; THF=tetrahydrofuran). The mechanism for TH is initiated by two successive Al‐ligand cooperative bond activations of the O−H bonds in two molecules of isopropanol (iPrOH) to afford six‐coordinate (H2I2P)Al(OiPr)2Cl. Stoichiometric chemical reactions and kinetic experiments suggest an ordered transition state, supported by polar solvents, for concerted hydride transfer fromiPrO−to substrate. Metal‐ligand cooperative hydrogen bonding in a cyclic transition state is a likely support for the concerted hydride transfer event. The available data does not support involvement of an intermediate Al‐hydride in the TH. Proof‐of‐principle reactions including the conversion of isopropanol and benzophenone to acetone and diphenylmethanol with 90 % conversion in 1 h are described. The analogous hydride compound, (I2P2−)Al(THF)H, also cleaves the O−H bond iniPrOH to afford (HI2P−)Al(OiPr)H and (HI2P−)Al(OiPr)2, but no activity for catalytic TH was observed.more » « less
-
Abstract With the goal of generating anionic analogues to MN2S2⋅Mn(CO)3Br we introduced metallodithiolate ligands, MN2S22−prepared from the Cys‐X‐Cys biomimetic, ema4−ligand (ema=N,N′‐ethylenebis(mercaptoacetamide); M=NiII, [VIV≡O]2+and FeIII) to Mn(CO)5Br. An unexpected, remarkably stable dimanganese product, (H2N2(CH2C=O(μ‐S))2)[Mn(CO)3]2resulted from loss of M originally residing in the N2S24−pocket, replaced by protonation at the amido nitrogens, generating H2ema2−. Accordingly, the ema ligand has switched its coordination mode from an N2S24−cavity holding a single metal, to a binucleating H2ema2−with bridging sulfurs and carboxamide oxygens within Mn‐μ‐S‐CH2‐C‐O, 5‐membered rings. In situ metal‐templating by zinc ions gives quantitative yields of the Mn2product. By computational studies we compared the conformations of “linear” ema4−to ema4−frozen in the “tight‐loop” around single metals, and to the “looser” fold possible for H2ema2−that is the optimal arrangement for binucleation. XRD molecular structures show extensive H‐bonding at the amido‐nitrogen protons in the solid state.more » « less
-
Abstract Decarbonylation along with P‐atom transfer from the phosphaethynolate anion, PCO−, to the NbIVcomplex [(PNP)NbCl2(NtBuAr)] (1) (PNP=N[2‐PiPr2‐4‐methylphenyl]2−; Ar=3,5‐Me2C6H3) results in its coupling with one of the phosphine arms of the pincer ligand to produce a phosphanylidene phosphorane complex [(PNPP)NbCl(NtBuAr)] (2). Reduction of2with CoCp*2cleaves the P−P bond to form the first neutral and terminal phosphido complex of a group 5 transition metal, namely, [(PNP)Nb≡P(NtBuAr)] (3). Theoretical studies have been used to understand both the coupling of the P‐atom and the reductive cleavage of the P−P bond. Reaction of3with a two‐electron oxidant such as ethylene sulfide results in a diamagnetic sulfido complex having a P−P coupled ligand, namely [(PNPP)Nb=S(NtBuAr)] (4).more » « less
