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1. Extracellular electron transfer explained

   https://doi.org/10.56367/OAG-043-11034  

   Bose, Arpita; Wang, Aiden (January 2024, Open Access Government)

   Extracellular electron transfer explainedArpita Bose, PhD from Washington University in St. Louis, guides us through host-associated impacts and biotechnological applications of extracellular electron transfer in electrochemically active bacteria. Electron flow and oxidative and reductive reactions, referred to as “redox reactions,” collectively impact the outcomes of biochemical pathways essential for cell growth, energy conservation, and stress response throughout various organisms. An example of these organisms is electrochemically active bacteria (EAB), which can link internal redox reactions with external electron acceptors or donors via a process known as extracellular electron transfer (EET). 

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2. Metabolic tagging of extracellular vesicles and development of enhanced extracellular vesicle based cancer vaccines

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43914-8  

   Bhatta, Rimsha; Han, Joonsu; Liu, Yusheng; Bo, Yang; Lee, David; Zhou, Jiadiao; Wang, Yueji; Nelson, Erik Russell; Chen, Qian; Zhang, Xiaojia Shelly; et al (December 2023, Nature Communications)

   Abstract As key mediators of cellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been actively explored for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, effective methods to functionalize EVs and modulate the interaction between EVs and recipient cells are still lacking. Here we report a facile and universal metabolic tagging technology that can install unique chemical tags (e.g., azido groups) onto EVs. The surface chemical tags enable conjugation of molecules via efficient click chemistry, for the tracking and targeted modulation of EVs. In the context of tumor EV vaccines, we show that the conjugation of toll-like receptor 9 agonists onto EVs enables timely activation of dendritic cells and generation of superior antitumor CD8⁺T cell response. These lead to 80% tumor-free survival against E.G7 lymphoma and 33% tumor-free survival against B16F10 melanoma. Our study yields a universal technology to generate chemically tagged EVs from parent cells, modulate EV-cell interactions, and develop potent EV vaccines. 

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3. Extracellular Vesicles in Phytopathogenic Fungi

   https://doi.org/10.20517/evcna.2023.04  

   Rutter, Brian D.; Innes, Roger W. (January 2023, Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Nucleic Acids)

   Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, lipid compartments that mediate the intercellular transport of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites. During infectious diseases, EVs released by host cells promote immune responses, while those released by pathogens attempt to subvert host immunity. There is a growing body of research investigating the role of fungal EVs in plant pathosystems. It is becoming clear that EVs released by fungal phytopathogens play a role during infection through the transport of protein effectors, toxic metabolites and RNA. Here, we discuss recent findings on EVs in fungal phytopathogens, including the methods employed in their isolation, their characterization, contents and functionality, as well as the key questions remaining to be addressed. 

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4. Extracellular Microenvironmental Control for Organoid Assembly

   https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0186  

   Sullivan, Kathryn M.; Ko, Eunkyung; Kim, Eun Mi; Ballance, William C.; Ito, John D.; Chalifoux, Madeleine; Kim, Young Jun; Bashir, Rashid; Kong, Hyunjoon (June 2022, Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews)
5. Cell–extracellular matrix mechanotransduction in 3D

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-023-00583-1  

   Saraswathibhatla, Aashrith; Indana, Dhiraj; Chaudhuri, Ovijit (February 2023, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)