More Like this

1. Glycosaminoglycans affect endothelial to mesenchymal transformation, proliferation, and calcification in a 3D model of aortic valve disease

   https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.975732  

   Bramsen, Jonathan Alejandro; Alber, Bridget R.; Mendoza, Melissa; Murray, Bruce T.; Chen, Mei-Hsiu; Huang, Peter; Mahler, Gretchen J. (September 2022, Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine)

   Calcific nodules form in the fibrosa layer of the aortic valve in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are normally found in the valve spongiosa, are located local to calcific nodules. Previous work suggests that GAGs induce endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT), a phenomenon described by endothelial cells’ loss of the endothelial markers, gaining of migratory properties, and expression of mesenchymal markers such as alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). EndMT is known to play roles in valvulogenesis and may provide a source of activated fibroblast with a potential role in CAVD progression. In this study, a 3D collagen hydrogel co-culture model of the aortic valve fibrosa was created to study the role of EndMT-derived activated valvular interstitial cell behavior in CAVD progression. Porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (PAVIC) and porcine aortic valve endothelial cells (PAVEC) were cultured within collagen I hydrogels containing the GAGs chondroitin sulfate (CS) or hyaluronic acid (HA). The model was used to study alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, cellular proliferation and matrix invasion, protein expression, and calcific nodule formation of the resident cell populations. CS and HA were found to alter ALP activity and increase cell proliferation. CS increased the formation of calcified nodules without the addition of osteogenic culture medium. This model has applications in the improvement of bioprosthetic valves by making replacements more micro-compositionally dynamic, as well as providing a platform for testing new pharmaceutical treatments of CAVD. 

   more » « less
2. Injectable hydrogel mediated delivery of gene-engineered adipose-derived stem cells for enhanced osteoarthritis treatment

   https://doi.org/10.1039/d1bm01122g  

   Yu, Wei; Hu, Bin; Boakye-Yiadom, Kofi Oti; Ho, William; Chen, Qijing; Xu, Xiaoyang; Zhang, Xue-Qing (November 2021, Biomaterials Science)

   Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic and degenerative joint disease, remains a challenge in treatment due to the lack of disease-modifying therapies. As a promising therapeutic agent, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have an effective anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective paracrine effect that can be enhanced by genetic modification. Unfortunately, direct cell delivery without matrix support often results in poor viability of therapeutic cells. Herein, a hydrogel implant approach that enabled intra-articular delivery of gene-engineered ADSCs was developed for improved therapeutic outcomes in a surgically induced rat OA model. An injectable extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking hydrogel was prepared as the carrier for cell delivery, providing a favorable microenvironment for ADSC spreading and proliferation. The ECM-mimicking hydrogel could reduce cell death during and post injection. Additionally, ADSCs were genetically modified to overexpress transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), one of the paracrine factors that exert an anti-inflammatory and pro-anabolic effect. The gene-engineered ADSCs overexpressing TGF-β1 (T-ADSCs) had an enhanced paracrine effect on OA-like chondrocytes, which effectively decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and increased the expression of collagen II and aggrecan. In a surgically induced rat OA model, intra-articular injection of the T-ADSC-loaded hydrogel markedly reduced cartilage degeneration, joint inflammation, and the loss of the subchondral bone. Taken together, this study provides a potential biomaterial strategy for enhanced OA treatment by delivering the gene-engineered ADSCs within an ECM-mimicking hydrogel. 

   more » « less
3. The Beneficial Regulation of Extracellular Matrix and Heat Shock Proteins, and the Inhibition of Cellular Oxidative Stress Eects and Inflammatory Cytokines by 1-alpha, 25 dihydroxyvitaminD3 in Non-Irradiated and Ultraviolet Radiated Dermal Fibroblasts

   Philips, Neena; Ding, Xinxing; Kandalai, Pranathi; Marte, Ilonka; Krawczyk, Hunter; Richardson, Richard (August 2019, Cosmetics)

   null (Ed.)

   Intrinsic skin aging and photoaging, from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, are associated with altered regulation of genes associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and inflammation, as well as cellular damage from oxidative stress. The regulatory properties of 1-alpha, 25dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D) include endocrine, ECM regulation, cell differentiation, photoprotection, and anti-inflammation. The goal of this research was to identify the beneficial effects of vitamin D in preventing intrinsic skin aging and photoaging, through its direct effects as well as its effects on the ECM, associated heat shock proteins (HSP-47, and -70), cellular oxidative stress effects, and inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-8] in non-irradiated, UVA-radiated, UVB-radiated dermal fibroblasts. With regard to the ECM, vitamin D stimulated type I collagen and inhibited cellular elastase activity in non-irradiated fibroblasts; and stimulated type I collagen and HSP-47, and inhibited elastin expression and elastase activity in UVA-radiated dermal fibroblasts. With regard to cellular protection, vitamin D inhibited oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and lipids in non-irradiated, UVA-radiated and UVB-radiated fibroblasts, and, in addition, increased cell viability of UVB-radiated cells. With regard to anti-inflammation, vitamin D inhibited expression of Il-1 and IL-8 in UVA-radiated fibroblasts, and stimulated HSP-70 in UVA-radiated and UVB-radiated fibroblasts. Overall, vitamin D is predominantly beneficial in preventing UVA-radiation induced photoaging through the differential regulation of the ECM, HSPs, and inflammatory cytokines, and protective effects on the cellular biomolecules. It is also beneficial in preventing UVB-radiation associated photoaging through the stimulation of cell viability and HSP-70, and the inhibition of cellular oxidative damage, and in preventing intrinsic aging through the stimulation of type I collagen and inhibition of cellular oxidative damage. 

   more » « less
4. A Theoretical Approach to Coupling the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) to Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Stiffness via LOXL2

   https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13071609  

   Deng, Youyuan; Chakraborty, Priyanka; Jolly, Mohit Kumar; Levine, Herbert (April 2021, Cancers)

   null (Ed.)

   The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role in cancer progression, being responsible in many cases for the onset of the metastatic cascade and being integral in the ability of cells to resist drug treatment. Most studies of EMT focus on its induction via chemical signals such as TGF-β or Notch ligands, but it has become increasingly clear that biomechanical features of the microenvironment such as extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness can be equally important. Here, we introduce a coupled feedback loop connecting stiffness to the EMT transcription factor ZEB1, which acts via increasing the secretion of LOXL2 that leads to increased cross-linking of collagen fibers in the ECM. This increased cross-linking can effectively increase ECM stiffness and increase ZEB1 levels, thus setting a positive feedback loop between ZEB1 and ECM stiffness. To investigate the impact of this non-cell-autonomous effect, we introduce a computational approach capable of connecting LOXL2 concentration to increased stiffness and thereby to higher ZEB1 levels. Our results indicate that this positive feedback loop, once activated, can effectively lock the cells in a mesenchymal state. The spatial-temporal heterogeneity of the LOXL2 concentration and thus the mechanical stiffness also has direct implications for migrating cells that attempt to escape the primary tumor. 

   more » « less
5. The Differential Effects of Fluid Shear Stress on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation

   Robertson, T; Van_Wie, B; Driskell, R; Gozen, A; Bonassar, L; Thiessen, D; Dong, W; Schuler, A (October 2024, Biomedical Engineering Society)

   Introduction: Directing mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis by bioreactor cultivation provides fundamental insight towards engineering healthy, robust articular cartilage (AC). The mechanical environment is represented by compression, fluid shear stress, hydrostatic pressure, and tension which collectively contribute to the distinct spatial organization of AC. Mimicking this cell niche is necessary for dictating cell growth, fate, and role. Researchers have shown that different mechanical stimulus types improve MSC chondrogenic commitment demonstrated by increases in key chondrogenic gene and protein markers. However, challenges remain in manufacturing spatially, anisotropic AC consisting of defined regions such as native tissue. Our strategy towards furthering this effort involves exposing MSC-laden alginate scaffolds in a multi-chambered, perfusion bioreactor with controlled fluid shear stress magnitudes to better mimic the native AC microenvironment leading to defined regions throughout the scaffold marked by varied cellular phenotypes. Validations made from assessing biochemical content, mRNA expression, western blot analysis, and cell viability will provide meaningful insight towards regulating MSC chondrogenesis. Methods: MSCs grown up to passage 4 were expanded to confluency in a T-175 flask then released from the surface using trypsin. Cells were stored in -80 ℃ freezer until experimentation. Our bioreactor system was sterilized by UV radiation for 4 hours then perfused with 70% ethanol overnight. Cell-laden scaffolds were prepared by first dissolving 1.5% alginate into deionized water. The polymeric solution was sterilely filtered and stored until usage. Cryopreserved MSCs were thawed and suspended in α-MEM medium containing essential supplements. Cells were counted and resuspended in alginate at a density of 106 cells/mL. The mixture was transferred to our multi-chambered bioreactor where they were allowed to crosslink in CaCl2 solution for 45 min. Separate scaffolds (N = 3) were molded within an identical reactor system and removed to serve as a control to compare effects of fluid shear stress on MSC differentiation. All, structures were washed with PBS then supplied with DMEM/F-12 medium containing 10% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin , 1% L-glutamine, 100 nM dexamethasone, 50 µg/mL L-ascorbic acid, and10 ng/mL TGF-β3. The flowrate for the bioreactor was adjusted to 20 mL/min which provided desired fluid shear ranges of 2-87 mPa to stimulate the cells . Cell cultures were grown for 7 days, and medium changed every 3 days. Sectioned samples were analyzed for biochemical content, mRNA expression, and western blot to understand the impact of fluid shear stress magnitudes on MSC differentiation. Results: Directed fluid shear stress across a cell-laden alginate scaffold contained within an individual chamber in our bioreactor indicates varied cellular behavior within the superficial and deep regions of the construct marked by spatially secreted biochemical content as well as mRNA expression. This observation is supported by superficial MSCs stimulated by high and medium mechanical stimulation which indicates a 1.3 and 1.2-fold increase in total collagen production, respectively, when directly compared to cells deep in the construct. A similar effect is supported by total GAG secretion where high and medium shear stress across the fluid hydrogel interface yielded 1.2 and 1.3-fold upregulation of protein secretion, respectively, when observed under similar conditions. Perfused MSCs show upregulation to 3 and 20-fold for Sox9 and aggrecan, respectively, compared to a static culture. Shear ranges distributed throughout our cell-laden alginate scaffold correlates to differential chondrogenic commitment shown by variance of Sox9 expression when assessed by location and depth. Additional information on COL10A1 expression demonstrates mechanical stimulation that reduces hypertrophic cell differentiation contrary to a static culture. Discussion: In this investigation we emphasize that cells respond differently to mechanical stimulation when located in either the superficial or deep region of an alginate scaffold. This observation is supported by enhanced matrix production of chondrogenic protein for cells near the perfused fluid and hydrogel interface compared to deeper areas when stimulated by high and medium fluid shear loading regimes. Most importantly, maintenance of a healthy fluid shear gradient in our TBR provides evidence of promoting MSC chondrogenesis by spatially upregulating anabolic cartilage-like markers in addition to diminishing the onset of cell hypertrophy. Our efforts in monitoring mRNA expression of our samples reveals enhancement of chondrogenic cell differentiation for a perfused sample marked by increases in Sox9 and aggrecan genes; whereas a static sample stimulated only by TGF-β3 leads to undesirable expression of COL10A1. Key takeaways from our study support the contributions from previous researchers in recreating the native AC mechanical environment to encourage MSC differentiation. The development of our TBR system for controlled delivery of fluid shear stresses to MSCs furthers efforts in spatially guiding MSC chondrogenesis which is critical for engineering zonally differentiated AC. 

   more » « less