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   https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CC05153F  

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   We demonstrate that deuteration is a generally applicable strategy that leads to enhanced quantum yields of fluorescence, longer-lived singlet excited states and suppressed rates of non-radiative deactivation processes. 

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2. Davydov Split Aggregates of Cyanine Dyes on Self-Assembled Nanotubes

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5. General strategy for tuning the Stokes shifts of near infrared cyanine dyes

   https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tc03615c  

   Zhang, Jun; Moemeni, Mehdi; Yang, Chenchen; Liang, Fangchun; Peng, Wei-Tao; Levine, Benjamin G.; Lunt, Richard R.; Borhan, Babak (December 2020, Journal of Materials Chemistry C)

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   We report a significant Stokes shift enhancement in near-infrared fluorescing cyanines as a result of C4′-substitution with cyclic or acyclic amines. Based on a combined experimental and density functional study, a simple strategy for optimizing the Stokes shift is proposed. By tuning the relative energies of cyanine-like and bis-dipolar conformers, differing in the rotational angle of the amine substituent, it is possible to develop molecules that undergo conformational change upon excitation, resulting in a predictable Stokes shift. 

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