The main goal of traceable cryptography is to protect against unauthorized redistribution of cryptographic functionalities. Such schemes provide a way to embed identities (i.e., a “mark”) within cryptographic objects (e.g., decryption keys in an encryption scheme, signing keys in a signature scheme). In turn, the tracing guarantee ensures that any “pirate device” that successfully replicates the underlying functionality can be successfully traced to the set of identities used to build the device.
In this work, we study traceable pseudorandom functions (PRFs). As PRFs are the workhorses of symmetric cryptography, traceable PRFs are useful for augmenting symmetric cryptographic primitives with strong traceable security guarantees. However, existing constructions of traceable PRFs either rely on strong notions like indistinguishability obfuscation or satisfy weak security guarantees like single-key security (i.e., tracing only works against adversaries that possess a single marked key).
In this work, we show how to use fingerprinting codes to upgrade a single-key traceable PRF into a fully collusion resistant traceable PRF, where security holds regardless of how many keys the adversary possesses. We additionally introduce a stronger notion of security where tracing security holds even against active adversaries that have oracle access to the tracing algorithm. In conjunction with known constructions of single-key traceable PRFs, we obtain the first fully collusion resistant traceable PRF from standard lattice assumptions. Our traceable PRFs directly imply new lattice-based secret-key traitor tracing schemes that are CCA-secure and where tracing security holds against active adversaries that have access to the tracing oracle.
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Quantum Lightning Never Strikes the Same State Twice
Public key quantum money can be seen as a version of the quantum no-cloning theorem that holds even when the quantum states can be verified by the adversary. In this work, we investigate quantum lightning where no-cloning holds even when the adversary herself gener- ates the quantum state to be cloned. We then study quantum money and quantum lightning, showing the following results:
– We demonstrate the usefulness of quantum lightning beyond quan- tum money by showing several potential applications, such as gen- erating random strings with a proof of entropy, to completely decen- tralized cryptocurrency without a block-chain, where transactions is instant and local.
– We give Either/Or results for quantum money/lightning, showing that either signatures/hash functions/commitment schemes meet very strong recently proposed notions of security, or they yield quan- tum money or lightning. Given the difficulty in constructing public key quantum money, this suggests that natural schemes do attain strong security guarantees.
– We show that instantiating the quantum money scheme of Aaron- son and Christiano [STOC’12] with indistinguishability obfuscation that is secure against quantum computers yields a secure quantum money scheme. This construction can be seen as an instance of our Either/Or result for signatures, giving the first separation between two security notions for signatures from the literature.
– Finally, we give a plausible construction for quantum lightning, which we prove secure under an assumption related to the multi- collision resistance of degree-2 hash functions. Our construction is inspired by our Either/Or result for hash functions, and yields the first plausible standard model instantiation of a non-collapsing col- lision resistant hash function. This improves on a result of Unruh [Eurocrypt’16] which is relative to a quantum oracle.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1749731
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10095296
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- EUROCRYPT 2019
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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