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1. Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions and Dust Masses of Sub-solar Metallicity Galaxies at z ∼ 2.3

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac54a9  

   Shivaei, Irene ; Popping, Gergö ; Rieke, George ; Reddy, Naveen ; Pope, Alexandra ; Kennicutt, Robert ; Mobasher, Bahram ; Coil, Alison ; Fudamoto, Yoshinobu ; Kriek, Mariska ; et al ( March 2022 , The Astrophysical Journal)

   Abstract We present results from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 1.2 mm continuum observations of a sample of 27 star-forming galaxies at z = 2.1–2.5 from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey with metallicity and star formation rate measurements from optical emission lines. Using stacks of Spitzer, Herschel, and ALMA photometry (rest frame ∼8–400 μ m), we examine the infrared (IR) spectral energy distributions (SED) of z ∼ 2.3 subsolar-metallicity (∼0.5 Z ⊙ ) luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). We find that the data agree well with an average template of higher-luminosity local low-metallicity dwarf galaxies (reduced χ 2 = 1.8). When compared with the commonly used templates for solar-metallicity local galaxies or high-redshift LIRGs and ultraluminous IR galaxies, even in the most favorable case (with reduced χ 2 = 2.8), the templates are rejected at >98% confidence. The broader and hotter IR SED of both the local dwarfs and high-redshift subsolar-metallicity galaxies may result from different grain properties or a harder/more intense ionizing radiation field that increases the dust temperature. The obscured star formation rate (SFR) indicated by the far-IR emission of the subsolar-metallicity galaxies is only ∼60% of the total SFR, considerably lower than that of the local LIRGsmore »with ∼96%–97% obscured fractions. Due to the evolving IR SED shape, the local LIRG templates fit to mid-IR data overestimate the Rayleigh–Jeans tail measurements by a factor of 2–20. These templates underestimate IR luminosities if fit to the observed ALMA fluxes by >0.4 dex. At a given stellar mass or metallicity, dust masses at z ∼ 2.3 are an order of magnitude higher than z ∼ 0. Given the predicted molecular gas fractions, the observed z ∼ 2.3 dust-to-stellar mass ratios suggest lower dust-to-molecular gas masses than in local galaxies with similar metallicities.« less
2. Dual constraints with ALMA: new [O iii ] 88-μm and dust-continuum observations reveal the ISM conditions of luminous LBGs at z  ∼ 7

   https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1905  

   Witstok, Joris ; Smit, Renske ; Maiolino, Roberto ; Kumari, Nimisha ; Aravena, Manuel ; Boogaard, Leindert ; Bouwens, Rychard ; Carniani, Stefano ; Hodge, Jacqueline A. ; Jones, Gareth C. ; et al ( July 2022 , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society)

   We present new [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] 88-$\mu \mathrm{{m}}$ observations of five bright z ∼ 7 Lyman-break galaxies spectroscopically confirmed by ALMA through [${\rm C\, {\small II}}$] 158 $\mu \mathrm{{m}}$, unlike recent [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] detections where Lyman α was used. This nearly doubles the sample of Epoch of Reionization galaxies with robust (5σ) [${\rm C\, {\small II}}$] and [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] detections. We perform a multiwavelength comparison with new deep HST images of the rest-frame UV, whose compact morphology aligns well with [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] tracing ionized gas. In contrast, we find more spatially extended [${\rm C\, {\small II}}$] emission likely produced in neutral gas, as indicated by an [${\rm N\, {\small II}}$] 205-$\mu \mathrm{{m}}$ non-detection in one source. We find a correlation between the optical ${[{\rm O\, {\small III}}]}+ {\mathrm{H\,\beta }}$ equivalent width and [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$]/[${\rm C\, {\small II}}$], as seen in local metal-poor dwarf galaxies. cloudy models of a nebula of typical density harbouring a young stellar population with a high-ionization parameter adequately reproduce the observed lines. Surprisingly, however, our models fail to reproduce the strength of [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] 88-$\mu \mathrm{{m}}$, unless we assume an α/Fe enhancement and near-solar nebular oxygenmore »abundance. On spatially resolved scales, we find [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$]/[${\rm C\, {\small II}}$] shows a tentative anticorrelation with infrared excess, LIR/LUV, also seen on global scales in the local Universe. Finally, we introduce the far-infrared spectral energy distribution fitting code mercurius to show that dust-continuum measurements of one source appear to favour a low dust temperature and correspondingly high dust mass. This implies a high stellar metallicity yield and may point towards the need of dust production or grain-growth mechanisms beyond supernovae.

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3. The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Survey strategy, observations, and sample properties of 118 star-forming galaxies at 4 < z < 6

   https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936965  

   Le Fèvre, O. ; Béthermin, M. ; Faisst, A. ; Jones, G. C. ; Capak, P. ; Cassata, P. ; Silverman, J. D. ; Schaerer, D. ; Yan, L. ; Amorin, R. ; et al ( November 2020 , Astronomy & Astrophysics)

   The ALMA-ALPINE [CII] survey is aimed at characterizing the properties of a sample of normal star-forming galaxies (SFGs). The ALMA Large Program to INvestigate (ALPINE) features 118 galaxies observed in the [CII]-158 μ m line and far infrared (FIR) continuum emission during the period of rapid mass assembly, right after the end of the HI reionization, at redshifts of 4 <   z  <  6. We present the survey science goals, the observational strategy, and the sample selection of the 118 galaxies observed with ALMA, with an average beam minor axis of about 0.85″, or ∼5 kpc at the median redshift of the survey. The properties of the sample are described, including spectroscopic redshifts derived from the UV-rest frame, stellar masses, and star-formation rates obtained from a spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting. The observed properties derived from the ALMA data are presented and discussed in terms of the overall detection rate in [CII] and FIR continuum, with the observed signal-to-noise distribution. The sample is representative of the SFG population in the main sequence at these redshifts. The overall detection rate in [CII] is 64% for a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) threshold larger than 3.5 corresponding to a 95% purity (40% detection ratemore »for S / N  >  5). Based on a visual inspection of the [CII] data cubes together with the large wealth of ancillary data, we find a surprisingly wide range of galaxy types, including 40% that are mergers, 20% extended and dispersion-dominated, 13% compact, and 11% rotating discs, with the remaining 16% too faint to be classified. This diversity indicates that a wide array of physical processes must be at work at this epoch, first and foremost, those of galaxy mergers. This paper sets a reference sample for the gas distribution in normal SFGs at 4 <   z  <  6, a key epoch in galaxy assembly, which is ideally suited for studies with future facilities, such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs).« less
4. ALMA Reveals Extended Cool Gas and Hot Ionized Outflows in a Typical Star-forming Galaxy at Z = 7.13

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac795b  

   Akins, Hollis B. ; Fujimoto, Seiji ; Finlator, Kristian ; Watson, Darach ; Knudsen, Kirsten K. ; Richard, Johan ; C. Bakx, Tom J. L. ; Hashimoto, Takuya ; Inoue, Akio K. ; Matsuo, Hiroshi ; et al ( July 2022 , The Astrophysical Journal)

   We present spatially resolved morphological properties of [CII] 158μm, [OIII] 88μm, dust, and rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) continuum emission for A1689-zD1, a strongly lensed, sub-L* galaxy atz= 7.13, by utilizing deep Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations. While the [OIII] line and UV continuum are compact, the [CII] line is extended up to a radius ofr∼ 12 kpc. Using multi-band rest-frame far-infrared continuum data ranging from 52 to 400μm, we find an average dust temperature and emissivity index of$T_{\mathrm{dust}}={41}_{-14}^{+17}$K and$\beta ={1.7}_{-0.7}^{+1.1}$, respectively, across the galaxy. We find slight differences in the dust continuum profiles at different wavelengths, which may indicate that the dust temperature decreases with distance. We map the star formation rate (SFR) via IR and UV luminosities and determine a total SFR of 37 ± 1M_⊙yr⁻¹with an obscured fraction of 87%. While the [OIII] line is a good tracer of the SFR, the [CII] line shows deviation from the localL_[CII]-SFR relations in the outskirts of the galaxy. Finally, we observe a clear difference in the line profile between [CII] and [OIII], with significant residuals (∼5σ) in the [OIII] line spectrum after subtracting a single Gaussian model. This suggestsmore »a possible origin of the extended [CII] structure from the cooling of hot ionized outflows. The extended [CII] and high-velocity [OIII] emission may both contribute in part to the highL_[OIII]/L_[CII]ratios recently reported inz> 6 galaxies.

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5. Predicting sub-millimetre flux densities from global galaxy properties

   https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3451  

   Cochrane, R. K. ; Hayward, C. C. ; Anglés-Alcázar, D. ; Somerville, R. S. ( November 2022 , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society)

   Recent years have seen growing interest in post-processing cosmological simulations with radiative transfer codes to predict observable fluxes for simulated galaxies. However, this can be slow, and requires a number of assumptions in cases where simulations do not resolve the interstellar medium (ISM). Zoom-in simulations better resolve the detailed structure of the ISM and the geometry of stars and gas; however, statistics are limited due to the computational cost of simulating even a single halo. In this paper, we make use of a set of high-resolution, cosmological zoom-in simulations of massive ($M_{\star }\gtrsim 10^{10.5}\, \rm {M_{\odot }}$ at z = 2), star-forming galaxies from the FIRE suite. We run the skirt radiative transfer code on hundreds of snapshots in the redshift range 1.5 < z < 5 and calibrate a power-law scaling relation between dust mass, star formation rate, and $870\, \mu \rm {m}$ flux density. The derived scaling relation shows encouraging consistency with observational results from the sub-millimetre-selected AS2UDS sample. We extend this to other wavelengths, deriving scaling relations between dust mass, stellar mass, star formation rate, and redshift and sub-millimetre flux density at observed-frame wavelengths between $\sim \! 340$ and $\sim \! 870\, \mu \rm {m}$. Wemore »then apply the scaling relations to galaxies drawn from EAGLE, a large box cosmological simulation. We show that the scaling relations predict EAGLE sub-millimetre number counts that agree well with previous results that were derived using far more computationally expensive radiative transfer techniques. Our scaling relations can be applied to other simulations and semi-analytical or semi-empirical models to generate robust and fast predictions for sub-millimetre number counts.

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