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1. Native Microbes Amplify Native Seedling Establishment and Diversity While Inhibiting a Non-Native Grass

   https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051184  

   Koziol, Liz ; McKenna, Thomas P. ; Bever, James D. ( March 2023 , Plants)

   Although several studies have shown increased native plant establishment with native microbe soil amendments, few studies have investigated how microbes can alter seedling recruitment and establishment in the presence of a non-native competitor. In this study, the effect of microbial communities on seedling biomass and diversity was assessed by seeding pots with both native prairie seeds and a non-native grass that commonly invades US grassland restorations, Setaria faberi. Soil in the pots was inoculated with whole soil collections from ex-arable land, late successional arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi isolated from a nearby tallgrass prairie, with both prairie AM fungi and ex-arable whole soil, or with a sterile soil (control). We hypothesized (1) late successional plants would benefit from native AM fungi, (2) that non-native plants would outcompete native plants in ex-arable soils, and (3) early successional plants would be unresponsive to microbes. Overall, native plant abundance, late successional plant abundance, and total diversity were greatest in the native AM fungi+ ex-arable soil treatment. These increases led to decreased abundance of the non-native grass S. faberi. These results highlight the importance of late successional native microbes on native seed establishment and demonstrate that microbes can be harnessed to improve both plant community diversity and resistance to invasion during the nascent stages of restoration. 

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2. Phenology in a warming world: differences between native and non‐native plant species

   https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13290  

   Zettlemoyer, Meredith A. ; Schultheis, Elizabeth H. ; Lau, Jennifer A. ; Vila, Montserrat ( May 2019 , Ecology Letters)
3. Non-native gastropods in high elevation horticultural facilities in Hawaii: a threat to native biodiversity

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-01916-y  

   Yeung, Norine W. ; Meyer, Wallace M. ; Hayes, Kenneth A. ; Kim, Jaynee R. ; Skelton, Travis J. ; Cowie, Robert H. ( January 2019 , Biological Invasions)
4. Infant selective attention to native and non-native audiovisual speech

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19704-5  

   Roth, Kelly C. ; Clayton, Kenna R. ; Reynolds, Greg D. ( December 2022 , Scientific Reports)

   Abstract The current study utilized eye-tracking to investigate the effects of intersensory redundancy and language on infant visual attention and detection of a change in prosody in audiovisual speech. Twelve-month-old monolingual English-learning infants viewed either synchronous (redundant) or asynchronous (non-redundant) presentations of a woman speaking in native or non-native speech. Halfway through each trial, the speaker changed prosody from infant-directed speech (IDS) to adult-directed speech (ADS) or vice versa. Infants focused more on the mouth of the speaker on IDS trials compared to ADS trials regardless of language or intersensory redundancy. Additionally, infants demonstrated greater detection of prosody changes from IDS speech to ADS speech in native speech. Planned comparisons indicated that infants detected prosody changes across a broader range of conditions during redundant stimulus presentations. These findings shed light on the influence of language and prosody on infant attention and highlight the complexity of audiovisual speech processing in infancy. 

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5. Eye Movement Traces of Linguistic Knowledge in Native and Non-Native Reading

   https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00084  

   Berzak, Yevgeni ; Levy, Roger ( January 2023 , Open Mind)

   The detailed study of eye movements in reading has shed considerable light into how language processing unfolds in real time. Yet eye movements in reading remain inadequately studied in non-native (L2) readers, even though much of the world’s population is multilingual. Here we present a detailed analysis of the quantitative functional influences of word length, frequency, and predictability on eye movement measures in reading in a large, linguistically diverse sample of non-native English readers. We find many similar qualitative effects as in L1 readers, but crucially also a proficiency-sensitive “lexicon-context tradeoff”. The most proficient L2 readers’ eye movements approach an L1 pattern, but as L2 proficiency diminishes, readers’ eye movements become less sensitive to a word’s predictability in context and more sensitive to word frequency, which is context-invariant. This tradeoff supports a rational, experience-dependent account of how context-driven expectations are deployed in L2 language processing.

    

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