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1. How to Become an Adult

   Munson, Adrianna (July 2021, Contexts)

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2. Cells of the adult human heart

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2797-4  

   Litviňuková, Monika; Talavera-López, Carlos; Maatz, Henrike; Reichart, Daniel; Worth, Catherine L.; Lindberg, Eric L.; Kanda, Masatoshi; Polanski, Krzysztof; Heinig, Matthias; Lee, Michael; et al (December 2020, Nature)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Advanced insights into disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies require a deeper understanding of the molecular processes involved in the healthy heart. Knowledge of the full repertoire of cardiac cells and their gene expression profiles is a fundamental first step in this endeavour. Here, using state-of-the-art analyses of large-scale single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomes, we characterize six anatomical adult heart regions. Our results highlight the cellular heterogeneity of cardiomyocytes, pericytes and fibroblasts, and reveal distinct atrial and ventricular subsets of cells with diverse developmental origins and specialized properties. We define the complexity of the cardiac vasculature and its changes along the arterio-venous axis. In the immune compartment, we identify cardiac-resident macrophages with inflammatory and protective transcriptional signatures. Furthermore, analyses of cell-to-cell interactions highlight different networks of macrophages, fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes between atria and ventricles that are distinct from those of skeletal muscle. Our human cardiac cell atlas improves our understanding of the human heart and provides a valuable reference for future studies. 

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3. Childhood Skill Development and Adult Political Participation

   https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000119  

   HOLBEIN, JOHN B. (August 2017, American Political Science Review)

   Recent child development research shows that the psychosocial or noncognitive skills that children develop—including the ability to self-regulate and integrate in social settings—are important for success in school and beyond. Are these skills learned in childhood also important for adult political behaviors like voting? In this article, I use a unique school-based 20-year field experiment to explore whether children who develop psychosocial skills early on are more likely to vote in adulthood than those who do not. Matching subjects to voter files, I show that this intervention had a noticeable long-run impact on political participation. These results highlight the need to better understand how childhood experiences shape civic behaviors later in life. During this critical period, children can be taught the not explicitly political, but still vital, skills that set them on a path toward political participation in adulthood. 

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4. Neuronal wiring diagram of an adult brain

   https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.27.546656  

   Dorkenwald, Sven; Matsliah, Arie; Sterling, Amy R; Schlegel, Philipp; Yu, Szi-chieh; McKellar, Claire E; Lin, Albert; Costa, Marta; Eichler, Katharina; Yin, Yijie; et al (June 2023, bioRxiv)

   Abstract Connections between neurons can be mapped by acquiring and analyzing electron microscopic (EM) brain images. In recent years, this approach has been applied to chunks of brains to reconstruct local connectivity maps that are highly informative, yet inadequate for understanding brain function more globally. Here, we present the first neuronal wiring diagram of a whole adult brain, containing 5×10⁷chemical synapses between ∼130,000 neurons reconstructed from a femaleDrosophila melanogaster. The resource also incorporates annotations of cell classes and types, nerves, hemilineages, and predictions of neurotransmitter identities. Data products are available by download, programmatic access, and interactive browsing and made interoperable with other fly data resources. We show how to derive a projectome, a map of projections between regions, from the connectome. We demonstrate the tracing of synaptic pathways and the analysis of information flow from inputs (sensory and ascending neurons) to outputs (motor, endocrine, and descending neurons), across both hemispheres, and between the central brain and the optic lobes. Tracing from a subset of photoreceptors all the way to descending motor pathways illustrates how structure can uncover putative circuit mechanisms underlying sensorimotor behaviors. The technologies and open ecosystem of the FlyWire Consortium set the stage for future large-scale connectome projects in other species. 

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5. Retiring Adult: New Datasets for Fair Machine Learning

   Ding, Frances; Hardt, Moritz; Miller, John; Schmidt, Ludwig (January 2021, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 34 (NeurIPS 2021))