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Title: Development and evolution of age-dependent defenses in ant-acacias
Age-dependent changes in plant defense against herbivores are widespread, but why these changes exist remains a mystery. We explored this question by examining a suite of traits required for the interaction between swollen thorn acacias (genus Vachellia ) and ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex . In this system, plants provide ants with refuge and food in the form of swollen stipular spines, protein-lipid–rich “Beltian” bodies, and sugar-secreting extrafloral nectaries—the “swollen thorn syndrome.” We show that this syndrome develops at a predictable time in shoot development and is tightly associated with the temporal decline in the microRNAs miR156 and miR157 and a corresponding increase in their targets—the SPL transcription factors. Growth under reduced light intensity delays both the decline in miR156/157 and the development of the swollen thorn syndrome, supporting the conclusion that these traits are controlled by the miR156-SPL pathway. Production of extrafloral nectaries by Vachellia sp. that do not house ants is also correlated with a decline in miR156/157, suggesting that this syndrome evolved by co-opting a preexisting age-dependent program. Along with genetic evidence from other model systems, these findings support the hypothesis that the age-dependent development of the swollen thorn syndrome is a consequence of genetic regulation rather than a passive developmental pattern arising from developmental constraints on when these traits can develop.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
1812043
PAR ID:
10113484
Author(s) / Creator(s):
;
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Volume:
116
Issue:
31
ISSN:
0027-8424
Page Range / eLocation ID:
15596 to 15601
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
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