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Abstract. The width of valleys and channels affects the hydrology, ecology,and geomorphic functionality of drainage networks. In many studies, thewidth of valleys and/or channels (W) is estimated as a power-law function ofthe drainage area (A), W=kcAd. However, in fluvial systemsthat experience drainage reorganization, abrupt changes in drainage areadistribution can result in valley or channel widths that are disproportionalto their drainage areas. Such disproportionality may be more distinguishedin valleys than in channels due to a longer adjustment timescale forvalleys. Therefore, the valley width–area scaling in reorganized drainagesis expected to deviate from that of drainages that did not experiencereorganization. To explore the effect of reorganization on valley width–drainage areascaling, we studied 12 valley sections in the Negev desert, Israel,categorized into undisturbed, beheaded, and reversed valleys. We found thatthe values of the drainage area exponents, d, are lower in the beheadedvalleys relative to undisturbed valleys but remain positive. Reversedvalleys, in contrast, are characterized by negative d exponents, indicatingvalley narrowing with increasing drainage area. In the reversed category, wealso explored the independent effect of channel slope (S) through theequation W=kbAbSc, which yieldednegative and overall similar values for b and c. A detailed study in one reversed valley section shows that the valleynarrows downstream, whereas the channel widens, suggesting that, ashypothesized, the channel width adjusts faster to post-reorganizationdrainage area distribution. The adjusted narrow channel dictates the widthof formative flows in the reversed valley, which contrasts with the meaningfullywider formative flows of the beheaded valley across the divide. Thisdifference results in a step change in the unit stream power between thereversed and beheaded channels, potentially leading to a “width feedback”that promotes ongoing divide migration and reorganization. Our findings demonstrate that valley width–area scaling is a potential toolfor identifying landscapes influenced by drainage reorganization. Accountingfor reorganization-specific scaling can improve estimations of erosion ratedistributions in reorganized landscapes.
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River channel width controls blocking by slow-moving landslides in California's Franciscan mélange
Abstract. To explore the sensitivity of rivers to blocking from landslidedebris, we exploit two similar geomorphic settings in California'sFranciscan mélange where slow-moving landslides, often referred to asearthflows, impinge on river channels with drainage areas that differ by afactor of 30. Analysis of valley widths and river long profiles over∼19 km of Alameda Creek (185 km2 drainage area) andArroyo Hondo (200 km2 drainage area) in central California shows avery consistent picture in which earthflows that intersect these channelsforce tens of meters of gravel aggradation for kilometers upstream, leadingto apparently long-lived sediment storage and channel burial at these sites.In contrast, over a ∼30 km section of the Eel River (5547 km2 drainage area), there are no knickpoints or aggradation upstreamof locations where earthflows impinge on its channel. Hydraulic andhydrologic data from United States Geological Survey (USGS) gages on Arroyo Hondo and the Eel River, combinedwith measured size distributions of boulders input by landslides for bothlocations, suggest that landslide derived boulders are not mobile at eithersite during the largest floods (>2-year recurrence) with field-measured flow depths. We therefore argue that boulder transport capacity isan unlikely explanation for the observed difference in sensitivity tolandslide inputs. At the same time, we find that earthflow fluxes per unitchannel width are nearly identical for Oak Ridge earthflow on Arroyo Hondo,where evidence for blocking is clear, and for the Boulder Creek earthflow onthe Eel River, where evidence for blocking is absent. These observationssuggest that boulder supply is also an unlikely explanation for the observedmorphological differences along the two rivers. Instead, we argue that thedramatically different sensitivity of the two locations to landslideblocking is related to differences in channel width relative to typicalseasonal displacements of earthflows. A synthesis of seasonal earthflowdisplacements in the Franciscan mélange shows that the channel width ofthe Eel River is ∼5 times larger than the largest annualseasonal displacement. In contrast, during wet winters, earthflows arecapable of crossing the entire channel width of Arroyo Hondo and AlamedaCreek. In support of this interpretation, satellite imagery shows thatimmobile earthflow-derived boulders are generally confined to the edges ofthe channel on the Eel River. By contrast, immobile earthflow-derivedboulders jam the entire channel on Arroyo Hondo. Our results imply that lower drainage area reaches of earthflow-dominated catchments may be particularly prone to blocking. By inhibiting the upstreampropagation of base-level signals, valley-blocking earthflows may thereforepromote the formation of so-called “relict topography”.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1658800
- PAR ID:
- 10133725
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Earth Surface Dynamics
- Volume:
- 7
- Issue:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 2196-632X
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 879 to 894
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-879-2019
