Recently, drive-by bridge inspection has attracted increasing attention in the bridge monitoring field. A number of studies have given confidence in the feasibility of the approach to detect, quantify, and localize damages. However, the speed of the inspection truck represents a major obstacle to the success of this method. High speeds are essential to induce a significant amount of kinetic energy to stimulate the bridge modes of vibration. On the other hand, low speeds are necessary to collect more data and to attenuate the vibration of the vehicle due to the roughness of the road and, hence, magnify the bridge influence on the vehicle responses. This article introduces Frequency Independent Underdamped Pinning Stochastic Resonance (FI-UPSR) as a new technique, which possesses the ability to extract bridge dynamic properties from the responses of a vehicle that passes over the bridge at high speed. Stochastic Resonance (SR) is a phenomenon where feeble information such as weak signals can be amplified through the assistance of background noise. In this study, bridge vibrations that are present in the vehicle responses when it passes over the bridge are the feeble information while the noise counts for the effect of the road roughness on the vehicle vibration. UPSR is one of the SR models that has been chosen in this study for its suitability to extract the bridge vibration. The main contributions of this article are: (1) introducing a Frequency Independent-Stochastic Resonance model known as the FI-UPSR and (2) implementing this model to extract the bridge vibration from the responses of a fast passing vehicle.
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Extraction of Bridge Fundamental Frequencies Utilizing a Smartphone MEMS Accelerometer
Smartphone MEMS (Micro Electrical Mechanical System) accelerometers have relatively low sensitivity and high output noise density. Therefore, it cannot be directly used to track feeble vibrations such as structural vibrations. This article proposes an effective increase in the sensitivity of the smartphone accelerometer utilizing the stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon. SR is an approach where, counter-intuitively, feeble signals are amplified rather than overwhelmed by the addition of noise. This study introduces the 2D-frequency independent underdamped pinning stochastic resonance (2D-FI-UPSR) technique, which is a customized SR filter that enables identifying the frequencies of weak signals. To validate the feasibility of the proposed SR filter, an iPhone device is used to collect bridge acceleration data during normal traffic operation and the proposed 2D-FI-UPSR filter is used to process these data. The first four fundamental bridge frequencies are successfully identified from the iPhone data. In parallel to the iPhone, a highly sensitive wireless sensing network consists of 15 accelerometers (Silicon Designs accelerometers SDI-2012) is installed to validate the accuracy of the extracted frequencies. The measurement fidelity of the iPhone device is shown to be consistent with the wireless sensing network data with approximately 1% error in the first three bridge frequencies and 3% error in the fourth frequency.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1645863
- PAR ID:
- 10147436
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Sensors
- Volume:
- 19
- Issue:
- 14
- ISSN:
- 1424-8220
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 3143
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143143
