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Objective Some studies have demonstrated evidence of a 'bilingual advantage' in domains such as working memory (WM), processing speed (PS), and attention. Less is known about whether similar patterns appear in students who have not yet mastered a second language, and available evidence is conflicting. For example, in Hansen et al. (2016), young students classified as limited English proficient (LEP) outperformed monolingual peers in WM; however, the opposite was found in Castillo et al. (2022). In both studies, the group differences did not persist into adolescence, and other studies at this age show no difference (Low & Siegel, 2005). Research on LEP students and PS is sparse, but most existing studies show no difference between monolinguals and bilinguals or LEP students (Barac et al., 2014). Visual attention (VA) has rarely been studied in this context. However, one study of adults found no difference in visual attention between monolinguals and bilinguals (Bouffier et al., 2020). Here, we compare groups of students who are classified as LEP or not; given prior research and the age and limited second-language proficiency of our subjects, we hypothesized that there would be no difference between groups in WM and PS; the limited research on VA does not allow for a directional hypothesis. Methods Participants were 199 students in from four diverse middle schools in Texas, whose mean age was 12.97 (0.86); 54% were male. Most (80%) students were Hispanic, and 54% were classified by their schools as LEP; 88% received lunch assistance. WM and PS were assessed via the respective indices of the WISC-V (Wechsler, 2014). Attention was evaluated with two versions of a visual attention span (VAS) measure, and two versions of a visual search (VSEARCH) measure. We considered covariates of age, nonverbal reasoning, and phonological processing. Analyses were ANCOVA, with a grouping variable of LEP status. Results Descriptively, on measures where standard scores were available, performances for the whole sample were in the low average range (SS equivalents range 85 to 88). Students designated as LEP had lower WM performances, p < .001. For PS, the reverse was true, with LEP students having stronger PS, p < .001. For attention, results were mixed; performance on VAS was similar between groups, p = .174, whereas for VSEARCH, LEP students had better performances, p < .001. All results held in the context of any combination of covariates. Discussion Results were interesting but differed from expectations. For WM, there was a disadvantage for students classified as LEP, whereas the opposite was true for PS and VSEARCH. The results highlight the need to consider these and similar cognitive individual differences in the context of second language learning, and a need to consider the balance of proficiency across languages. Supporting this possibility, a meta-analysis found that studies of balanced compared to unbalanced bilinguals are more likely to report an advantage in WM and attention (Yurtsever et al., 2023). Overall, this study adds to a limited body of evidence on cognitive processes in students with exposure to, but not mastery of, multiple languages.
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"All in the Same Boat": Tradeoffs of Voice Assistant Ownership for Mixed-Visual-Ability Families
A growing body of evidence suggests Voice Assistants (VAs) are highly valued by people with vision impairments (PWVI) and much less so by sighted users. Yet, many are deployed in homes where both PWVI and sighted family members reside. Researchers have yet to study whether VA use and perceived benefits are affected in settings where one person has a visual impairment and others do not. We conducted six in-depth interviews with partners to understand patterns of domestic VA use in mixed-visual-ability families. Although PWVI were more motivated to acquire VAs, used them more frequently, and learned more proactively about their features, partners with vision identified similar benefits and disadvantages of having VAs in their home. We found that the universal usability of VAs both equalizes experience across abilities and presents complex tradeoffs for families-regarding interpersonal relationships, domestic labor, and physical safety-which are weighed against accessibility benefits for PWVI and complicate the decision to fully integrate VAs in the home.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1850251
- PAR ID:
- 10156140
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- CHI '20: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1–14
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Paper:
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376225
