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   Deng, Yu; Nahmod, Andrea R; Yue, Haitian (October 2024, Vietnam Journal of Mathematics)
2. Scaling the Interactive Dot Map

   https://doi.org/10.3138/cart.53.3.2017-0021  

   Walker, Kyle E. (September 2018, Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization)
3. Scaling and discontinuities in the global economy

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-019-00650-x  

   Sundstrom, Shana M.; Allen, Craig R.; Angeler, David G. (November 2019, Journal of Evolutionary Economics)

   Investigation of economies as complex adaptive systems may provide a deeper understanding of their behavior and response to perturbation. We use methodologies from ecology to test whether the global economy has discontinuous size distributions, a signature of multi-scale processes in complex adaptive systems, and we contrast the theoretical assumptions underpinning our methodology with that of the economic convergence club literature. Discontinuous distributions in complex systems consist of aggregations of similarly-sized entities, separated by gaps, in a pattern of non-random departures from a continuous or power law distribution. We analysed per capita real GDP (in 2005 constant dollars) for all countries of the world, from 1970 to 2012. We tested each yearly distribution for discontinuities, and then compared the distributions over time using multivariate modelling. We find that the size distribution of the world’s economies are discontinuous and that there are persistent patterns of aggregations and gaps over time. These size classes are outwardly similar to convergence clubs, but are derived from theory that presumes that economies are complex adaptive systems. We argue that the underlying mechanisms, rather than emerging from conditions of initial equivalence, evolve and operate at multiple scales that can be objectively identified and assessed. Understanding the patterns within and across scales may provide insight into the processes that structure GDP over time. 

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4. Ontogenetic Scaling of the Primate Middle Ear

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   Franklin, Katheryn_P; Smith, Timothy_D; DeLeon, Valerie_B (December 2024, American Journal of Primatology)

   ABSTRACT The study of primate auditory morphology is a significant area of interest for comparative anatomists, given the phylogenetic relationships that link primate hearing and the morphology of these auditory structures. Extensive literature addresses the form‐to‐function relationship of the auditory system (outer, middle, and inner ear) in primates and, by extension, provides insight into the auditory system of extinct primates and even modern humans. We add to this literature by describing the ontogenetic trajectory of the middle ear cavity and ossicular chain (malleus, incus, and stapes) due to their critical role in relaying auditory stimuli for interpretation. We examined middle ear morphology in neonatal primates and adult primates using a taxonomically broad sample. We focused primarily on nocturnal primate taxa (Daubentonia,Loris,Galago,Aotus, andTarsier), which are underrepresented in the literature. However, we also included three diurnal taxa (Macaca,Lemur, andSaguinus). Using 3D Slicer, we visualized middle ear structures in three dimensions using conventional micro CT data informed by diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced CT (diceCT) data. We illustrated how spatial relationships between otic elements, such as the various epitympanic sinuses of the middle ear and the auditory ossicles, vary throughout ontogeny. Our major findings include that the central tympanic cavity scaled with negative allometry in all taxa and that the accessory cavities scaled with isometry or positive allometry in most taxa. Despite these changes in chamber size, the size of the ear ossicles remained relatively consistent through ontogeny in most taxa. We confirmed our expectation that anthropoids exhibit an increase in the complexity of accessory cavities throughout ontogeny, mirroring the exponential pneumatization of the face in anthropoids. These findings provide an ontogenetic perspective and reveal further functional complexities of the middle ear as a conduit for sound proliferation and as a pressure regulator. 

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5. Scaling the Ion Inertial Length and Its Implications for Modeling Reconnection in Global Simulations: SCALING THE ION INERTIAL LENGTH

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   Tóth, Gábor; Chen, Yuxi; Gombosi, Tamas I.; Cassak, Paul; Markidis, Stefano; Peng, Ivy Bo (October 2017, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics)