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1. Electrochemical studies on Na-b"-alumina + yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composite mixed Na+ ion - O2- ion conductors

   Leila Ghadbeigi, Taylor D. (June 2019, Journal of the Electrochemical Society)

   Composite Na-”-alumina + yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) samples were fabricated by vapor phase conversion of sintered -alumina + YSZ two-phase samples. In the converted samples Na-”-alumina and YSZ were both contiguous. The samples thus are mixed Na+-ion-O2--ion conductors. Discs were tested separately under an oxygen chemical potential differential (H2-H2O-N2 gas mixture on one side and air on the other – fuel cell mode) and under a sodium chemical potential differential (Na--alumina + Na-”-alumina on one side and -alumina + Na--alumina on the other side). In both cases finite open circuit voltages were measured. In testing in fuel cell mode, the initially observed open circuit voltage was lower than expected for a single phase YSZ membrane, which was attributed to the transient flow of Na+ ions. After prolonged testing, the surface exposed to hydrogen containing gas mixture degraded forming a thin layer of -alumina. The ionic conductivity of the samples was measured using both AC and DC methods. 

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2. Oxygen Redox Chemistry in Rechargeable Li-Ion and Na-Ion Batteries

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.12.004  

   Rahman, Muhammad Mominur; Lin, Feng (February 2021, Matter)

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3. Carboxylate ester-based electrolytes for Na-ion batteries

   https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SC02266A  

   Qin, Yunan; Choi, Seong-Gyu; Mason, Lucia; Liu, Jing; Li, Zongjian; Gao, Tao (May 2024, Chemical Science)

   Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is a promising technology for next-generation energy storage. However, their performance is limited at low temperatures due to the inferior bulk and interfacial resistance of current electrolytes. Here we present a systematic study to evaluate carboxylate ester-based electrolytes for SIB applications, due to their favorable properties (i.e., low melting point, low viscosity and high dielectric constant). The effects of salt, concentration and solvent molecular structure were systematically examined and compared with those of carbonate-based electrolytes. By combining electrochemical tests with spectroscopic characterization, the performance of selective carboxylate ester-based electrolytes in hard carbon/Na and Na3V2(PO4)3/Na half-cells was evaluated. We found carboxylates enable high electrolyte conductivities, especially at low temperatures. However, carboxylates alone are inadequate to form a stable interphase due to their high reactivity, which can be addressed by choosing a suitable anion and facilitating anion-rich Na+ solvation by increasing salt concentration. Fundamental knowledge on the chemistry–property–performance correlation of this new family of electrolytes was obtained, and their benefits and pitfalls were thoroughly discussed. These discoveries and knowledge will shed light on the potential of carboxylate ester-based electrolytes and provide the foundation for further electrolyte engineering. 

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4. Liquid Na-K alloy is not viable anode material for High-Performance Na-Ion batteries

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.151578  

   Koh, Hyeongjun; Hassan, Mohamed H; Lin, Stella; Wang, Lin; Stach, Eric A; Detsi, Eric (June 2024, Chemical Engineering Journal)
5. Investigation of Polyanion Materials with Multiple Intercalation Cations: Na Ions in Na-Ion Full Cell

   https://doi.org/10.1149/08010.0259ecst  

   Paharik, Ethan; Rudman, Kelly; Koenig, Gary (October 2017, ECS Transactions)