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1. A Global Diagnosis of Eddy Potential Energy Budget in an Eddy-Permitting Ocean Model

   https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-22-0029.1  

   Guo, Yiming; Bishop, Stuart; Bryan, Frank; Bachman, Scott (August 2022, Journal of Physical Oceanography)

   Abstract We use an interannually forced version of the Parallel Ocean Program, configured to resolve mesoscale eddies, to close the global eddy potential energy (EPE) budget associated with temperature variability. By closing the EPE budget, we are able to properly investigate the role of diabatic processes in modulating mesoscale energetics in the context of other processes driving eddy–mean flow interactions. A Helmholtz decomposition of the eddy heat flux field into divergent and rotational components is applied to estimate the baroclinic conversion from mean to eddy potential energy. In doing so, an approximate two-way balance between the “divergent” baroclinic conversion and upgradient vertical eddy heat fluxes in the ocean interior is revealed, in accordance with baroclinic instability and the relaxation of isopycnal slopes. However, in the mixed layer, the EPE budget is greatly modulated by diabatic mixing, with air–sea interactions and interior diffusion playing comparable roles. Globally, this accounts for ∼60% of EPE converted to EKE (eddy kinetic energy), with the remainder being dissipated by air–sea interactions and interior mixing. A seasonal composite of baroclinic energy conversions shows that the strongest EPE to EKE conversion occurs during the summer in both hemispheres. The seasonally varying diabatic processes in the upper ocean are further shown to be closely linked to this EPE–EKE conversion seasonality, but with a lead. The peak energy dissipation through vertical mixing occurs ahead of the minimum EKE generation by 1–2 months. 

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2. Surface Divergent Eddy Heat Fluxes and Their Impacts on Mixed Layer Eddy‐Mean Flow Interactions

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002863  

   Guo, Yiming; Bishop, Stuart P. (April 2022, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems)
3. Large-eddy simulation of cumulus clouds

   https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.7.110507  

   Matheou, Georgios (November 2022, Physical Review Fluids)
4. 3-D Eddy Current Torque Modeling

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2013.2285566  

   Paul, Subhra; Bomela, Walter; Paudel, Nirmal; Bird, Jonathan Z. (February 2014, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics)
5. Eddy Influences on the Hadley Circulation

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001554  

   Davis, Nicholas A.; Birner, Thomas (June 2019, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems)

   Abstract Variations in the width and strength of the Hadley cells are associated with many radiative, thermodynamic, and dynamical forcings. The physical mechanisms driving these responses remain unclear, in part because of the interactive nature of eddy‐mean flow adjustment. Here, a modeling framework is developed which separates the mean flow and time‐mean eddy flow in a gray radiation general circulation model with simple representations of ocean heat transport and ozone. In the absence of eddies, with moist convection and weak numerical damping, the Hadley cell is confined to the upper troposphere and has a vanishingly small poleward momentum flux. Eddies allow the cell to extend down to the surface, double its heat transport, and flux momentum poleward, the latter two being basic consequences of a deepening of the circulation. Because of convection and damping—which mimics, in part, the effect of eddy stresses—previous work may have underestimated the impact of eddies on earth's circulation. Quasigeostrophic eddy fluxes are sufficient to produce Hadley and Ferrel cells, but with a substantially greater Hadley cell strength than when all eddy impacts are considered, including eddy fluxes of moisture, mass, and momentum and eddy impacts on surface fluxes and clouds. 

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